Recent Developments in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP): Methods to Reduce Metal Catalyst Concentrations

ChemPhysChem ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3257-3261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Lou ◽  
Devon A. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Recent Developments

scholarly journals Advances in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Hu ◽  
Ning Zhu ◽  
Kai Guo
Keyword(s):  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Metal Free

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most robust tools to prepare well-defined polymers with precise topologies and architectures. Although series of improved ATRP methods have been developed to decrease the metal catalyst loading to parts per million, metal residue is the key limiting factor for variety of applications, especially in microelectronic and biomedical area. The feasible solution to this challenge would be the establishment of metal-free ATRP. Since 2014, organocatalyzed ATRP (O-ATRP) or metal free ATRP has achieved significant progress by developing kinds of organic photoredox catalysts. This review highlights the advances in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization as well as the potential future directions.

scholarly journals Atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Min ◽  
Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Dispersed Media ◽  
Aqueous Dispersed Media ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Important Progress

AbstractDuring the last decade, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) received significant attention due to its exceptional capability of synthesizing polymers with pre-determined molecular weight, well-defined molecular architectures and various functionalities. It is economically and environmentally attractive to adopt ATRP to aqueous dispersed media, although the process is challenging. This review summarizes recent developments of conducting ATRP in aqueous dispersed media. The issues related to retaining “controlled/living” character as well as colloidal stability during the polymerization have to be considered. Better understanding the ATRP mechanism and development of new initiation techniques, such as activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) significantly facilitated ATRP in aqueous systems. This review covers the most important progress of ATRP in dispersed media from 1998 to 2009, including miniemulsion, microemulsion, emulsion, suspension and dispersed polymerization.

Electron Transfer Reactions in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Synthesis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (15) ◽  
pp. 3311-3322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fantin ◽  
Francesca Lorandi ◽  
Armando Gennaro ◽  
Abdirisak Isse ◽  
Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Polymer Science ◽  
Electron Transfer Reactions ◽  
Alkyl Radicals

Electrochemistry may seem an outsider to the field of polymer science and controlled radical polymerization. Nevertheless, several electrochemical methods have been used to determine the mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach. Indeed, electron transfer reactions involving the metal catalyst, initiator/dormant species, and propagating radicals play a crucial role in ATRP. In this mini-review, electrochemical properties of ATRP catalysts and initiators are discussed, together with the mechanism of the atom and electron transfer in ATRP.1 Introduction2 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of ATRP Catalysts3 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of Alkyl Halides and Alkyl Radicals4 Atom Transfer from an Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Standpoint5 Mechanism of Electron Transfer in ATRP6 Electroanalytical Techniques for the Kinetics of ATRP Activation7 Electrochemically Mediated ATRP8 Conclusions

scholarly journals Axially Ligated Mesohemins as Bio-Mimicking Catalysts for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liye Fu ◽  
Antonina Simakova ◽  
Sangwoo Park ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Marco Fantin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Iron Porphyrin ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Natural Protein ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Low Toxicity

Copper is the most common metal catalyst used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), but iron is an excellent alternative due to its natural abundance and low toxicity compared to copper. In this work, two new iron-porphyrin-based catalysts inspired by naturally occurring proteins, such as horseradish peroxidase, hemoglobin, and cytochrome P450, were synthesized and tested for ATRP. Natural protein structures were mimicked by attaching imidazole or thioether groups to the porphyrin, leading to increased rates of polymerization, as well as providing polymers with low dispersity, even in the presence of ppm amounts of catalysts.

Functional Polyether-based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Synthesized by Atom-transfer Radical Polymerization

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazrat Hussain ◽  
Elkin Amado ◽  
Jörg Kressler
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Amphiphilic Block Copolymers ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Coupling Reactions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Poly Propylene

This review deals with the synthesis, physical properties, and applications of amphiphilic block copolymers based on hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or hydrophobic poly(propylene oxide) (PPO). Oligomeric PEO and PPO are frequently functionalized by converting their OH end groups into macroinitiators for atom-transfer radical polymerization. They are then used to generate additional blocks as part of complex copolymer architectures. Adding hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks, respectively, leads to polymers with amphiphilic character in water. They are surface active and form micelles above a critical micellization concentration. Together with recent developments in post-polymerization techniques through quantitative coupling reactions (‘click’ chemistry) a broad variety of tailored functionalities can be introduced to the amphiphilic block copolymers. Examples are outlined including stimuli responsiveness, membrane penetrating ability, formation of multi-compartmentalized micelles, etc.

Redox Responsive Behavior of Thiol/Disulfide-Functionalized Star Polymers Synthesized via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 4133-4139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kamada ◽  
Kaloian Koynov ◽  
Cathrin Corten ◽  
Azhar Juhari ◽  
Jeong Ae Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Star Polymers ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Redox Responsive ◽  
Responsive Behavior
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document