New Perspectives for Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization in Liquid Phase Heterogeneous Hydrogenation: An Aqueous Phase and ALTADENA Study

ChemPhysChem ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3086-3088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Koptyug ◽  
Vladimir V. Zhivonitko ◽  
Kirill V. Kovtunov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation

scholarly journals Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the recovery of phenolic compounds: effect of ionic liquids structure and process parameters

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 12398-12422
Author(s):  
Amir Sada Khan ◽  
Taleb H. Ibrahim ◽  
Nabil Abdel Jabbar ◽  
Mustafa I. Khamis ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents

Extraction of phenol from aqueous phase to ionic liquid phase.

scholarly journals Powerful Concentration of Rhodium in Plating Wastewater Using Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (HoLLE) and Study for Scale-up

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kato ◽  
Shotaro Saito ◽  
Shigekatsu Oshite ◽  
Shukuro Igarashi
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Homogeneous Liquid ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Plating Wastewater

A powerful technique for the concentration of rhodium (Rh) in plating wastewater was developed. The technique entails complexing Rh with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) followed by homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (HoLLE) with Zonyl FSA. The optimum HoLLE conditions were determined as follows: [ethanol]T = 30.0 vol.%, pH = 4.00, and Rh:PAN = 1:5. Under these optimum conditions, 88.1% of Rh was extracted into the sedimented liquid phase. After phase separation, the volume ratio [aqueous phase (Va) /sedimented liquid phase (Vs)] of Va and Vs was 1000 (50 mL → 0.050 mL). We then applied the new method to wastewater generated by the plating industry. The phase separation was satisfactorily achieved when the volume was scaled up to 1000 mL of the actual wastewater; 84.7% of Rh was extracted into the sedimented liquid phase. After phase separation, Va/Vs was 588 (1000 mL - 1.70 mL).

scholarly journals Do organic surface films on sea salt aerosols influence atmospheric chemistry? – a model study

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (21) ◽  
pp. 5555-5567 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Smoydzin ◽  
R. von Glasow
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols

Abstract. Organic material from the ocean's surface can be incorporated into sea salt aerosol particles often producing a surface film on the aerosol. Such an organic coating can reduce the mass transfer between the gas phase and the aerosol phase influencing sea salt chemistry in the marine atmosphere. To investigate these effects and their importance for the marine boundary layer (MBL) we used the one-dimensional numerical model MISTRA. We considered the uncertainties regarding the magnitude of uptake reduction, the concentrations of organic compounds in sea salt aerosols and the oxidation rate of the organics to analyse the possible influence of organic surfactants on gas and liquid phase chemistry with a special focus on halogen chemistry. By assuming destruction rates for the organic coating based on laboratory measurements we get a rapid destruction of the organic monolayer within the first meters of the MBL. Larger organic initial concentrations lead to a longer lifetime of the coating but lead also to an unrealistically strong decrease of O3 concentrations as the organic film is destroyed by reaction with O3. The lifetime of the film is increased by assuming smaller reactive uptake coefficients for O3 or by assuming that a part of the organic surfactants react with OH. With regard to tropospheric chemistry we found that gas phase concentrations for chlorine and bromine species decreased due to the decreased mass transfer between gas phase and aerosol phase. Aqueous phase chlorine concentrations also decreased but aqueous phase bromine concentrations increased. Differences for gas phase concentrations are in general smaller than for liquid phase concentrations. The effect on gas phase NO2 or NO is very small (reduction less than 5%) whereas liquid phase NO2 concentrations increased in some cases by nearly 100%. We list suggestions for further laboratory studies which are needed for improved model studies.

Parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) in heterogeneous hydrogenation over bulk metals and metal oxides

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill V. Kovtunov ◽  
Danila A. Barskiy ◽  
Oleg G. Salnikov ◽  
Alexander K. Khudorozhkov ◽  
Valery I. Bukhtiyarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation

para-Hydrogen-Induced Polarization in Heterogeneous Hydrogenation Reactions

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (17) ◽  
pp. 5580-5586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Koptyug ◽  
Kirill V. Kovtunov ◽  
Scott R. Burt ◽  
M. Sabieh Anwar ◽  
Christian Hilty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Para Hydrogen ◽  
Hydrogenation Reactions ◽  
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation

DDTW-A Method for Gas Reservoir Evaluation Using Dual Wait-Time NMR and Density Log Data

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Holger F. Thern ◽  
Songhua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Lattice Relaxation ◽  
Spin Lattice Relaxation ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Gas Properties

Summary Accurate estimates of porosity, fluid saturations, and in-situ gas properties are critical for the evaluation of a gas reservoir. By combining data from a dual wait-time (DTW) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) log and a density log, these properties can be determined more reliably than by either of the data alone. The density and NMR dual wait-time (DDTW) technique, introduced in this paper, is applicable to reservoirs where the pore-filling fluid consists of a liquid phase and a gas phase. The low proton density of the gas phase causes a reduction in the NMR signal strength resulting in underestimation of the apparent porosity. The polarization for different wait-times depends on the spin-lattice relaxation time of each fluid and may cause additional NMR porosity underestimation. The density log, on the other hand, delivers a porosity that is overestimated because of the presence of a gas phase. These data, together with known correlations for gas properties, yield a robust approach for the gas-zone porosity, f, and the flushed zone gas saturation, Sg, xo. DDTW also derives gas properties including the in-situ gas density, ?g, as well as the two NMR-related properties, hydrogen index, IH, g, and spin-lattice relaxation time, T1g. Two field examples illustrate the method, and an error propagation study shows the reliability of the technique. Introduction NMR well logging yields information about fluid and rock properties. Depending on the goal of the investigation, various NMR measurement procedures are employed. Differences in the acquisition pulse sequence - including the wait-time (tw) between the echo-train measurements - characterize these procedures. Common evaluation techniques estimate different petrophysical properties, such as incremental and total porosities or movable (fm, NMR) and irreducible (fir, NMR) fluid fractions. More sophisticated methods separate the response of multiple fluids for hydrocarbon typing and saturation estimation. DTW NMR Log. Water as the wetting phase is dominated by surface relaxation and usually has a shorter T1 than hydrocarbons. DTW NMR uses the T1 contrast between aqueous fluid and hydrocarbon phases to achieve partial or full polarization for different fluid phases. The DTW log acquires two echo trains with a long (tw, L) and a short (tw, S) wait-time in a single pass; tw, L is chosen to fully polarize both water and hydrocarbon, and tw, S is sufficiently long to fully polarize the water fraction, while the hydrocarbon fraction is only partially polarized, causing porosity underestimation. An interpretation technique for DTW NMR data - used mainly qualitatively - is the differential spectrum method (DSM).1 A successful quantitative evaluation technique is the time domain analysis (TDA).2 Both techniques require the calculation of either differential echo signals or differential T2 spectra, where the spectra are derived from echo-train data by inversion. The differential signals are significantly weaker than the original signal, and the noise level increases because the incoherent noise of the echo trains is added. Differential data, therefore, are unfavorable in terms of their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). SNR often limits the applicability of evaluation techniques that are based solely on NMR data. Particularly when coupled with low hydrocarbon saturation and the low proton density of a gas phase, poor SNR is the limiting factor in estimating accurate reservoir properties. Density Log. The density log provides a bulk density, ?b, of the investigated formation. Additional information about the density of the rock matrix and formation fluids determines the density porosity fr. An established method to evaluate gas-bearing formations combines the apparent porosities provided by the density and the neutron logging tools. For many data sets, however, this method yields only semiquantitative results because of the strong influence of rock mineralogy on the neutron measurement. Theory The porosity of clean formations bearing only liquid-phase components can be accurately quantified by either the NMR or the density logging tool. However, the tool's responses are significantly altered by the presence of a gas phase, causing the estimated porosities to deviate from the formation porosity. Three main effects cause the deviation.Low IH, g decreases the NMR porosity.Partial polarization Pg<1 decreases the NMR-derived porosity, if the wait-time between the NMR measurements is insufficiently long.Low ?g increases the density porosity. The characterization of a hydrocarbon gas by three key properties, ?g, IH, g, and T1g, effectively quantifies these effects. DTW NMR Log. In a two-phase system with one gas and one liquid phase, the total NMR porosity ft, NMR is expressed byEquation 1 where the first term on the right side describes the contribution of the gas phase and the second term describes the contribution of the liquid phase. The polarization P (with P?[0,1]) quantifies the reduction of the NMR signal caused by underpolarization. The termsEquation 2Equation 3 describe the polarization of the liquid and gas phases, respectively. Some approximations can be made for common reservoir conditions.IH, l is close to 1 for an aqueous-phase liquid and most oleic-phase liquids. In the presence of a light liquid hydrocarbon, its value can be slightly smaller (IH, l =0.8-1).If tw 3T1, the polarization is nearly unity. Typical tw values range from 1 to several seconds, whereas typical T1 values for formation water range from a few milliseconds to a few seconds. However, in a porous medium saturated with two fluid phases, the wetting phase (i.e., water) saturates smaller pores, and the maximum T1 of the aqueous-phase liquid usually reduces to values less than several hundreds of milliseconds.3 Thus, Pl is unity for aqueous-phase liquids in a two-phase system, when data are acquired with typical wait-time parameters in an MRIL®* DTW acquisition (i.e., tw, S,˜1–2 seconds and tw, L,˜6–10 seconds).

Observation of Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization in Heterogeneous Hydrogenation on Supported Metal Catalysts

2008 ◽  
Vol 120 (8) ◽  
pp. 1514-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill V. Kovtunov ◽  
Irene E. Beck ◽  
Valery I. Bukhtiyarov ◽  
Igor V. Koptyug
Keyword(s):  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Supported Metal Catalysts ◽  
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation ◽  
Supported Metal

scholarly journals Development of a Simple, Low-Cost, Continuous-Flow System for the Automated Radiommunoassay of Steroid Glucuronides

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Barnard ◽  
W P Collins
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Free Ligand ◽  
Competitive Binding ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Continuous Flow System

A novel liquid-phase immunoassay is described which involves: competitive binding of the analyte and labelled antigen to specific antibodies; enzymic transformation of the free ligand to a more hydrophobic derivative; and separation of the antibody-bound and free ligand by partition of the reactants into an organic and aqueous phase. The principles of the method, described as ligand differentiation immunoassay, have been used in conjunction with a tritiated antigen to establish a continuous-flow system for the measurement of oestriol-16α-glucuronide in urine. Conventional autoanalyser (AAII) modules have been used, and the pump tubes and glass connections are standard accessories. The equipment is relatively inexpensive (£1500 + detector) and the reagents are readily available. Each sample takes 55 minutes to be processed, and 30 results are obtained per hour.

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