Thalamic distribution of projection neurons to the primary motor cortex relative to afferent terminal fields from the globus pallidus in the macaque monkey

1995 ◽  
Vol 353 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Inase ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Afferent Terminal

Organization of the primate face motor cortex as revealed by intracortical microstimulation and electrophysiological identification of afferent inputs and corticobulbar projections

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 796-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Huang ◽  
M. A. Sirisko ◽  
H. Hiraba ◽  
G. M. Murray ◽  
B. J. Sessle
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Intracortical Microstimulation ◽  
Facial Musculature ◽  
The Face ◽  
Afferent Inputs

1. The technique of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), supplemented by single-neuron recording, was used to carry out an extensive mapping of the face primary motor cortex. The ICMS study involved a total of 969 microelectrode penetrations carried out in 10 unanesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). 2. Monitoring of ICMS-evoked movements and associated electromyographic (EMG) activity revealed a general pattern of motor cortical organization. This was characterized by a representation of the facial musculature, which partially enclosed and overlapped the rostral, medial, and caudal borders of the more laterally located cortical regions representing the jaw and tongue musculatures. Responses were evoked at ICMS thresholds as low as 1 microA, and the latency of the suprathreshold EMG responses ranged from 10 to 45 ms. 3. Although contralateral movements predominated, a representation of ipsilateral movements was found, which was much more extensive than previously reported and which was intermingled with the contralateral representations in the anterior face motor cortex. 4. In examining the fine organizational pattern of the representations, we found clear evidence for multiple representation of a particular muscle, thus supporting other investigations of the motor cortex, which indicate that multiple, yet discrete, efferent microzones represent an essential organizational principle of the motor cortex. 5. The close interrelationship of the representations of all three muscle groups, as well as the presence of a considerable ipsilateral representation, may allow for the necessary integration of unilateral or bilateral activities of the numerous face, jaw, and tongue muscles, which is a feature of many of the movement patterns in which these various muscles participate. 6. In six of these same animals, plus an additional two animals, single-neuron recordings were made in the motor and adjacent sensory cortices in the anesthetized state. These neurons were electrophysiologically identified as corticobulbar projection neurons or as nonprojection neurons responsive to superficial or deep orofacial afferent inputs. The rostral, medial, lateral, and caudal borders of the face motor cortex were delineated with greater definition by ICMS and these electrophysiological procedures than by cytoarchitectonic features alone. We noted that there was an approximate fit in area 4 between the extent of projection neurons and field potentials anti-dromically evoked from the brain stem and the extent of positive ICMS sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Role of primary motor cortex in the control of manual dexterity assessed via sequential bilateral lesion in the adult macaque monkey: A case study

Neuroscience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 357 ◽  
pp. 303-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Savidan ◽  
Mélanie Kaeser ◽  
Abderraouf Belhaj-Saïf ◽  
Eric Schmidlin ◽  
Eric M. Rouiller
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Bilateral Lesion

Facilitation From Ventral Premotor Cortex of Primary Motor Cortex Outputs to Macaque Hand Muscles

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 832-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cerri ◽  
H. Shimazu ◽  
M. A. Maier ◽  
R. N. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Hand Muscles ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Light Sedation ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Motor Representations

We demonstrate that in the macaque monkey there is robust, short-latency facilitation by ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of motor outputs from primary motor cortex (M1) to contralateral intrinsic hand muscles. Experiments were carried out on two adult macaques under light sedation (ketamine plus medetomidine HCl). Facilitation of hand muscle electromyograms (EMG) was tested using arrays of fine intracortical microwires implanted, respectively, in the wrist/digit motor representations of F5 and M1, which were identified by previous mapping with intracortical microstimulation. Single pulses (70–200 μA) delivered to F5 microwires never evoked any EMG responses, but small responses were occasionally seen with double pulses (interval: 3 ms) at high intensity. However, both single- and double-pulse stimulation of F5 could facilitate the EMG responses evoked from M1 by single shocks. The facilitation was large (up to 4-fold with single and 12-fold with double F5 shocks) and occurred with an early onset, with significant effects at intervals of only 1–2 ms between conditioning F5 and test M1 stimuli. A number of possible pathways could be responsible for these effects, although it is argued that the most likely mechanism would be the facilitation, by cortico-cortical inputs from F5, of corticospinal I wave activity evoked from M1. This facilitatory action could be of considerable importance for the coupling of grasp-related neurons in F5 and M1 during visuomotor tasks.

Properties of Primary Motor Cortex Output to Forelimb Muscles in Rhesus Macaques

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 2968-2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Park ◽  
Abderraouf Belhaj-Saïf ◽  
Paul D. Cheney
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Distal Muscle ◽  
Forelimb Muscles ◽  
Multijoint Movements

Stimulus-triggered averaging (StTA) of electromyographic (EMG) activity from 24 simultaneously recorded forelimb muscles was used to investigate properties of primary motor cortex (M1) output in the macaque monkey. Two monkeys were trained to perform a reach-to-grasp task requiring multijoint coordination of the forelimb. EMG activity was recorded from 24 forelimb muscles including 5 shoulder, 7 elbow, 5 wrist, 5 digit, and 2 intrinsic hand muscles. Microstimulation (15 μA at 15 Hz) was delivered throughout the movement task. From 297 stimulation sites in M1, a total of 2,079 poststimulus effects (PStE) were obtained including 1,398 poststimulus facilitation (PStF) effects and 681 poststimulus suppression (PStS) effects. Of the PStF effects, 60% were in distal and 40% in proximal muscles; 43% were of extensors and 47% flexors. For PStS, the corresponding numbers were 55 and 45% and 36 and 55%, respectively. M1 output effects showed extensive cofacilitation of proximal and distal muscles (96 sites, 42%) including 47 sites that facilitated at least one shoulder, elbow, and distal muscle, 45 sites that facilitated an elbow muscle and a distal muscle, and 22 sites that facilitated at least one muscle at all joints. The muscle synergies represented by outputs from these sites may serve an important role in the production of coordinated, multijoint movements. M1 output effects showed many similarities with red nucleus output although red nucleus effects were generally weaker and showed a strong bias toward facilitation of extensor muscles and a greater tendency to facilitate synergies involving muscles at noncontiguous joints.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document