scholarly journals Experimental studies on the brain stem. III. The effects on reflex activities of wide variations in body temperature caused by lesions of the thalamus

1919 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Brain

Responses of conscious rabbits to CO2 at ambient temperatures of 5, 20, and 35 degrees C

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maskrey ◽  
S. C. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors ◽  
Conscious Rabbits ◽  
The Brain

Conscious rabbits were exposed to atmospheric air or to 6% CO2 in air at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 5, 20 and 35 degrees C. Measurements were made of rectal temperature (Tre), metabolic rate (MR), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT), and minute volume (VE). CO2 exposure did not affect Tre at any Ta and only affected MR at 35 degrees C when it caused an increase. At each Ta hypercapnia caused an increase in VT and a decrease in f. At 5 degrees C VE was increased by CO2, at 35 degrees C VE decreased, and at 20 degrees C the results were variable. The data were examined in the light of theories relating to the relative contributions of inputs from brain stem and from pulmonary stretch receptors, in response to body temperature and CO2 partial pressure. It was concluded that hypercapnia stimulates an increase in VT via the brain stem, whereas at the same time removing a hypocapnic drive which, along with central thermal inputs, stimulates f.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie T. Webster ◽  
George L. Fite
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Experimental Encephalitis ◽  
Cornu Ammonis ◽  
Mononuclear Leucocytes ◽  
The Brain

1. Mice of special strains injected intracerebrally with a 10 per cent emulsion of bacteria-free brain tissue from fatal cases of encephalitis in St. Louis and Kansas City develop a characteristic and fatal encephalitis. 2. Transmission of the disease can be continued indefinitely by injecting the bacteria-free brain tissue from the infected mice into healthy mice. 3. In the injected mice there is a 3 to 4 day incubation period, followed by hyperesthesia, coarse tremors, convulsions, prostration, and death in from 4 to 6 days. 4. The lesions in the mice with experimental encephalitis consist chiefly of perivascular accumulations of mononuclear leucocytes throughout the brain, stem, cord, and the pia, and destruction of pyramidal cells in the lobus piriformis and cornu Ammonis. 5. The human encephalitis brain tissue preserved in glycerine from the time of death of the patient apparently loses its infectivity for mice in about 32 days.

Permeability of the microcirculation in area postrema of rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Shams M. Ghoneim ◽  
Frank M. Faraci ◽  
Gary L. Baumbach
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate ◽  
Acute Hypertension ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adjacent Brain

The area postrema is a circumventricular organ in the brain stem and is one of the regions in the brain that lacks a fully functional blood-brain barrier. Recently, we found that disruption of the microcirculation during acute hypertension is greater in area postrema than in the adjacent brain stem. In contrast, hyperosmolar disruption of the microcirculation is greater in brain stem. The objective of this study was to compare ultrastructural characteristics of the microcirculation in area postrema and adjacent brain stem.We studied 5 Sprague-Dawley rats. Horseradish peroxidase was injected intravenously and allowed to circulate for 1, 5 or 15 minutes. Following perfusion of the upper body with 2.25% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, the brain stem was removed, embedded in agar, and chopped into 50-70 μm sections with a TC-Sorvall tissue chopper. Sections of brain stem were incubated for 1 hour in a solution of 3,3' diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (0.05%) in 0.05M Tris buffer with 1% H2O2.

Surgical Approaches to the Brain Stem

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Y. Wen ◽  
Roberto C. Heros
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
The Brain
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