Motoneurons, DUM cells, and sensory neurons in an insect thoracic ganglion: A tracing study in the stick insect Carausius morosus

2011 ◽  
Vol 520 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Goldammer ◽  
Ansgar Büschges ◽  
Joachim Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Thoracic Ganglion ◽  
Carausius Morosus

Sex chromosomes and origin of males and sex mosaics of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br.

Chromosoma ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laas P. Pijnacker ◽  
Margriet A. Ferwerda
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Carausius Morosus

Hormonal Control of the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Carausius Morosus

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA E. M. PILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Stick Insect ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Brain

1. Urine secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules of Carausius is accelerated by a diuretic hormone which can be extracted from the brain, corpora cardiaca and suboesophageal ganglion. 2. The level of this hormone in the haemolymph varies according to the state of hydration of the insect. 3. The hormone is inactivated by the tubules, and a mechanism is proposed whereby the tubules might be controlled by the hormone in vivo.

Memoirs: The Embryonic Development of the Stick-Insect, Carausius morosus

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (311) ◽  
pp. 487-511
Author(s):  
A. J. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Ventral Plate ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Cleavage Nucleus ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Late Stages

1. The maturation of the egg takes place in the ovarian tube, and is immediately followed by the formation of the cleavagenucleus and its division into many nuclei. 2. The entire products of the cleavage-nucleus migrate to the surface to form the blastoderm. Cleavage of the yolk was not observed even in late stages. Yolk-cells are absent when the blastoderm is being formed. 3. Primitive endodermal cells are proliferated from the middle of the germ-band, and form a membrane between the germ-band and the yolk. The membrane is present only in embryonic stages; some of the cells proliferated wander into the yolk and act as vitellophags. 4. Mesoderm is formed by proliferation of cells from the ventral plate. It is preceded by the formation of a shallow gastrular furrow, and from the bottom of this furrow proliferation takes place. The mesoderm becomes arranged in segmental masses. 5. Two masses of cells proliferated at the anterior and posterior ends of the germ-band are shown to be the endodermal rudiments from which the mid-gut epithelium is formed. The invaginations of the stomodaeum and proctodaeum grow against these masses and carry parts of the proliferating areas near their blind ends. It is shown that the various methods of mid-gut formation which have been described could be reconciled with the process described in Carausius. 6. The hinder end of the mid-gut is flanked by two plates of ectoderm which are forward extensions of the proctodaeum. Into these extensions the Malpighian tubules open, and, as their histology is identical with that of these extensions and widely different from that of the mid-gut, these tubules must be ectodermal in nature. 7. The formation of the amnion and serosa are described.

Experiments on blocking and unblocking of first meiotic metaphase in eggs of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br. (Phasmida, Insecta)

Development ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
L. P. Pijnacker ◽  
M. A. Ferwerda
Keyword(s):  
Interphase Nucleus ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Meiotic Metaphase ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Factors ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Nuclear Behaviour

The eggs of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus, which remain arrested in first meiotic metaphase until oviposition, must be activated in order to develop. The activating agent is oxygen from the air, which enters the egg cell through the micropyle. An exposure shorter than one minute is sufficient to release the blockage. In non-activated (micropyle-less) eggs the first metaphase chromosomes either degenerate or change into an interphase nucleus. This nucleus polyploidizes by endoreduplication, and then either degenerates or multiplies by amitosis. Similarly more generations of nuclei may arise resulting in a chaotic development. These nuclei survive better in the anterior region of the egg. The question of whether the cytoplasmic factors which control nuclear behaviour, also operate in eggs of C. morosus is discussed.

Calcium Action Potentials in the Skeletal Muscle Fibres of the Stick Insect Carausius Morosus

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCES M. ASHCROFT
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Outward Currents ◽  
Ca Antagonist ◽  
Ventral Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres

The ionic requirements for the generation of action potentials in the ventral longitudinal muscle fibres of the stick insect, Carausius morosus, were investigated. Ca-free Ringer rapidly and reversibly abolished the action potential. In the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions (to suppress outward currents) the overshoot of the action potential changed 26 mV for a 10-fold change in [Ca]o. The maximum rate of rise of the action potential (measured in TEA Ringer) showed saturation at high [Ca]o. Cobaltous ions (20 mM) and the organic Ca antagonist D 600 (5×10−4g/ml) reversibly inhibited the action potential; the inhibitory effect of 1 mM-La3+ was irreversible. Barium and strontium, but not magnesium, were able to substitute for calcium as charge carriers. These results suggest that an inward movement of Ca2+ underlies the action potential of Carausius fibres.

Sensory Control and Organization of Neural Networks Mediating Coordination of Multisegmental Organs for Locomotion

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Büschges
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Sensory Control ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Local Feedback ◽  
Locomotor Patterns

It is well established that locomotor patterns result from the interaction between central pattern generating networks in the nervous system, local feedback from sensory neurons about movements and forces generated in the locomotor organs, and coordinating signals from neighboring segments or appendages. This review addresses the issue of how the movements of multi-segmented locomotor organs are coordinated and provides an overview of recent advances in understanding sensory control and the internal organization of central pattern generating networks that operate multi-segmented locomotor organs, such as a walking leg. Findings from the stick insect and the cat are compared and discussed in relation to new findings on the lamprey swimming network. These findings support the notion that common schemes of sensory feedback are used for generating walking and that central neural networks controlling multi-segmented locomotor organs generally encompass multiple central pattern generating networks that correspond with the segmental structure of the locomotor organ.

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