ChemInform Abstract: SURFACE AREA REDUCTION DURING ISOTHERMAL SINTERING

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
R. M. GERMAN ◽  
Z. A. MUNIR
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Surface Area Reduction

Three-Dimensional Photography for Measuring Volumetric Changes After Submental Cryolipolysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Adam Honeybrook ◽  
Jason D. Bloom ◽  
Charles Woodard ◽  
Eric F. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prospective Analysis ◽  
High Quality ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Submental Fat ◽  
Surface Area Reduction

High-resolution 3-dimensional photography offers unparalleled advantages in objective and detailed skin contour characterization, quantification, volumetric and surface area analysis. This study aims to illustrate the benefits of 3-dimensional photography through analysis of noninvasive reduction of submental fat using cryolipolysis. A nonrandomized prospective analysis was performed of 14 selected patients who underwent treatment with cryolipolysis (CoolSculpting System; Zeltiq) between February and June 2016. The benefits of 3-dimensional photography (Vectra; Canfield Scientific) are presented. High-quality 3-dimensional images are presented to illustrate the utility of 3-dimensional photography as a means to quantitatively evaluate changes in submental volume, fat thickness, and surface area reduction, thereby exemplifying the broad applicability of this imaging technique. Three-dimensional photography technology provides clinicians with enhanced options that extend beyond simple 2-dimensional photography. Our study illustrates the benefits of the technology for accurately measuring volumetric changes after submental cryolipolysis treatment.

Desiccation Tolerance and Water-Retentive Mechanisms in Tardigrades

1989 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN C. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Desiccation Rate ◽  
Surface Area Reduction ◽  
Positive Regression

Tardigrades entering a state of anhydrobiosis (cryptobiosis) show considerable interspecific variation in desiccation tolerance, lower lethal humidities for initial desiccation ranging from 78 to 53 %. Species most tolerant of rapid initial drying also show the most rapid acquisition of tolerance to low humidities (25–31 %) following drying in high humidity. Surface area reduction during tun formation shows a significant positive regression against desiccation tolerance in the Eutardigrada. The most desiccation-tolerant species thus infold the largest areas of cuticle. By comparison, the heterotardigrade Echiniscus testudo shows a very poor capacity for surface area reduction. The thick dorsal plates may restrict cuticle intucking in this species. When hydrated tardigrades are desiccated in 80 % relative humidity they show a characteristic profile of mass loss, dehydrating rapidly in the first few minutes and then showing an abrupt reduction in transpiration (the ‘permeability slump'). This applies to living animals, which form tuns when desiccated, and to dead animals remaining extended. The permeability slump is not, therefore, a metabolic phenomenon and is not related to tun formation. Subsequent transpiration rates are very low and decline exponentially. The permeability slump allows animals to retain considerable amounts of internal water when desiccated, although less water is retained if the desiccation rate is increased. This may determine upper tolerable desiccation rates if a certain minimum quantity of water is required for the metabolic synthesis of membrane protectants. A significant positive regression between water retention and desiccation tolerance supports this hypothesis.

Effect of potential placental surface area reduction on fetal growth

1977 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Cefalo ◽  
J.W. Simkovich ◽  
F. Abel ◽  
A.E. Hellegers ◽  
R.A. Chez
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Surface Area Reduction

Low Solubility of Calcined Phosphate: Surface Area Reduction or Chemical Composition Change?

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
T. F. Al-Fariss ◽  
F. A. Abd El-Aleem ◽  
Y. Arafat ◽  
K. A. El-Nagdy ◽  
A. A. El-Midany
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Composition Change ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Calcined Phosphate ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Surface Area Reduction

Polymer-Derived Si3N4/BN Composites

1989 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayde R. Schmidt ◽  
William J. Hurley ◽  
Vijay Sukumar ◽  
Robert H. Doremus ◽  
Leonard V. Interrante
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Amorphous Silicon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Polymeric Precursor ◽  
Preceramic Polymer ◽  
Amorphous Silicon Nitride ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Surface Area Reduction

ABSTRACTPartially crystalline silicon nitride, with a specific surface area greater than 200 m2/g, is obtained by the pyrolysis of an organometallic, polymeric precursor under NH3 to 1000 °C. Additional heating to 1400 °C under N2 produces alpha-Si3N4. The addition of up to 15% h-BN was found to affect the coarsening characteristics of amorphous silicon nitride by promoting surface area reduction and suppressing crystallinity. By combining Si3N4 and BN molecular and polymeric precursors prior to ceramic conversion, or incorporating Si, N, and B into a single preceramic polymer, the relative proportion and crystallinity of the ceramic phases can be controlled in the resulting Si3N4/BN composites.

scholarly journals Morphological modification of low-density polyethylene for enhanced Phanerochaete chrysosporium surface bioerosion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shloka V. Janapaty
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Chemical Etching ◽  
Polymer Surface ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Synthetic Leachate ◽  
Surface Area Reduction

Disposal of end-of-life low density polyethylene (LDPE) in landfill structures poses an ecological threat through leaching, fragmentation, and additive migration. The present study examines the mycodegradation of morphologically modified low- density polyethylene (LDPE) films by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a lignolytic basidiomycete. Three physicochemical treatments were employed: thermo-oxidation, chemical etching, and synthetic leachate. Surface area imaging over 6 days revealed bioerosion, qualifying P. chrysosporium as a suitable agent for LDPE degradation. Analysis of crystallinity indices showed that thermo-oxidation and chemical etching induced conformational changes to the polymer surface, increasing surface area reduction by 19% and 22% respectively. Synthetic leachate (SL) was associated with a 36% increase in surface area reduction. In combination, the three treatments achieved a 99% increase in surface area reduction. These trends were corroborated by gaseous evolution in parallel, attributable to the metabolization of fungal isolates. Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform (FTMS + pESI) profiles observed signs of leachate remediation and organic byproducts. A molecular mechanism for degradation was subsequently proposed based on SL composition.

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