Simulation of a Palm Fatty Acid Distillate-Based Biodiesel Plant Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2416-2426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parminder K. K. S. Heer ◽  
Vilas G. Gaikar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate of Different Oil Processing Industries of Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Sattar Chang ◽  
Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi ◽  
Aftab Ahmed Kandhro ◽  
Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesar ◽  
Fouzia Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A Kinetic Study for the Noncatalytic Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 489-500
Author(s):  
Seok Won Hong ◽  
Hyun Jun Cho ◽  
Jin-Kuk Kim ◽  
Faisal Ahmed ◽  
Yeong-Koo Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Appraisal of Biodiesel Prepared Via Acid Catalysis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2205-2210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Lokman ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Bryan R. Moser ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Co-valorization of agro-industry by-products: effect of citrus oil on the quality of soap derived from palm fatty acid distillate and spent bleaching clay

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Teerasak Punvichai ◽  
Daniel Pioch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Soap Content ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Spent Bleaching Clay ◽  
By Products ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

This study deals with the co-valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil refining plants- through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under the varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly higher than expected, indicating a synergistic effect on the course of the saponification reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the products having the highest soap content, those from individual by-products give a low microbial count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). But a much better score (74%) is obtained when using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and absorption effects of the clay, combined with the high soap content. The acceptability through a panel test is good for all soaps when formulated with citrus oil. The most active product corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the production one in refining plants. Therefore these results provide an easy way for co-valorising these by-products, after further optimizing the saponification reaction in this complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, oil, clay).

scholarly journals Studies on Minor Components in Palm Fatty Acid Distillate. I

1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 551-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ab. GAPOR ◽  
Tsukasa KAWADA ◽  
Hisashi WATANABE ◽  
Tateo MURUI
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate
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