Interpreting changes in the epidemiology of anencephaly and spina bifida following folic acid fortification of the U.S. grain supply in the setting of long-term trends, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968–2003

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 730-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilah M. Besser ◽  
Laura J. Williams ◽  
Janet D. Cragan
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The U.S

Prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly during the transition to mandatory folic acid fortification in the United States

Teratology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Williams ◽  
Cara T. Mai ◽  
Larry D. Edmonds ◽  
Gary M. Shaw ◽  
Russell S. Kirby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
The United States ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification

Effects of folic acid fortification on spina bifida prevalence in Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 831-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iêda Maria Orioli ◽  
Ricardo Lima do Nascimento ◽  
Jorge Santiago López-Camelo ◽  
Eduardo Enrique Castilla
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Downwelling Spectral Infrared Radiance over the U.S. Southern Great Plains

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 4831-4843 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jonathan Gero ◽  
David D. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Infrared Radiance ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Thin Cloud ◽  
The U.S

Abstract A trend analysis was applied to a 14-yr time series of downwelling spectral infrared radiance observations from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) located at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. The highly accurate calibration of the AERI instrument, performed every 10 min, ensures that any statistically significant trend in the observed data over this time can be attributed to changes in the atmospheric properties and composition, and not to changes in the sensitivity or responsivity of the instrument. The measured infrared spectra, numbering more than 800 000, were classified as clear-sky, thin cloud, and thick cloud scenes using a neural network method. The AERI data record demonstrates that the downwelling infrared radiance is decreasing over this 14-yr period in the winter, summer, and autumn seasons but it is increasing in the spring; these trends are statistically significant and are primarily due to long-term change in the cloudiness above the site. The AERI data also show many statistically significant trends on annual, seasonal, and diurnal time scales, with different trend signatures identified in the separate scene classifications. Given the decadal time span of the dataset, effects from natural variability should be considered in drawing broader conclusions. Nevertheless, this dataset has high value owing to the ability to infer possible mechanisms for any trends from the observations themselves and to test the performance of climate models.

Long-term Trends in Antidiabetes Drug Usage in the U.S.: Real-world Evidence in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Care ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Montvida ◽  
Jonathan Shaw ◽  
John J. Atherton ◽  
Frances Stringer ◽  
Sanjoy K. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Real World ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Intra-Financial Sector Lending in the U.S. 1950 - 2012

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Montecino ◽  
Iren Levina ◽  
Gerald Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Financial Sector ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Serum folic acid concentrations in the U.S. population after the introduction of folic acid fortification

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M Pfeiffer ◽  
Zia Fazili ◽  
Jocelyn Kennedy‐Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Serum Folic Acid ◽  
The U.S

Prevalence of Spina Bifida and Anencephaly During the Transition to Mandatory Folic Acid Fortification in the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-92
Author(s):  
Laura J. Williams ◽  
Cara T. Mai ◽  
Larry D. Edmonds ◽  
Gary M. Shaw ◽  
Russell S. Kirby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
The United States ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification
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