scholarly journals The impacts of household structure on the individual stochastic travel and out-of-home activity time budgets

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusak O. Susilo ◽  
Erel Avineri
Keyword(s):  
Household Structure ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Lameness, Activity Time-Budgets, and Estrus Expression in Dairy Cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 4552-4559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Walker ◽  
R.F. Smith ◽  
J.E. Routly ◽  
D.N. Jones ◽  
M.J. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time

Activity-Time Budgets of Sea Otters in California

1986 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Estes ◽  
Karen E. Underwood ◽  
Margit J. Karmann
Keyword(s):  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Sea Otters

scholarly journals Activity time budget patterns of sheep and goats co-grazing on semi-natural species-rich dry grassland

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pokorná ◽  
P. Hejcmanová ◽  
M. Hejcman ◽  
V. Pavlů
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Dry Grassland ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Grassland Community ◽  
Perennial Plant

Activity time budget patterns and grazing response to sward and environmental conditions were investigated for paddocks of sheep and goats co-grazing for conservation purposes on a semi-natural species-rich dry grassland community endangered by shrub and tall perennial plant encroachment in a protected nature reserve in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Grazing was conducted by a rotational stocking system for 14 weeks in late grazing season in 2008 with 60 dry ewes and 20 goats. Twelve ewes and four goats were observed; grazing, ruminating, idling and other activities (salt licking, social interactions, walking), along with topographical position in the paddock were recorded at 5-minute intervals within 14 hours of daylight. Sheep and goats did not differ in their principal activity time budgets, such as the average total daylight time spent grazing (sheep: 8.57 h, goats: 8.59 h), ruminating (sheep: 1.42 h, goats: 1.44 h), or idling (sheep: 3.23 h, goats: 3.18 h), the duration of bouts of each activity, or the number of bouts of grazing and ruminating. There was no pattern in activity time budgets indicating dynamics in progressing season, nor was there a response to daily average temperature or to paddock size. Sheep and goats showed similar responses to groundcover of particular plant functional types. The animals showed a positive trend in response of total daylight grazing time to grass available biomass and a negative response of total daylight grazing time to herbaceous biomass for both sheep and goats. The total daylight grazing time was independent of availability of woody plants. Goats devoted more time (1.51 h) to other activities than sheep (1.34 h), especially to social interactions and salt licking. On the other hand, sheep spent proportionally more time walking. Both sheep and goats showed similar patterns in spatial use of paddocks on hill slopes, spending the most time in the middle part and the least time in the lower part of paddocks. 

scholarly journals Understanding the Behavior of Domestic Emus: A Means to Improve Their Management and Welfare—Major Behaviors and Activity Time Budgets of Adult Emus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa G. Menon ◽  
Darin C. Bennett ◽  
Kimberly M. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time

Information on domestic emu behavior is sparse and hence a study was undertaken to identify and describe the behavior of domestic emus in a farm setting. The behavioral repertoires, activity time budgets, effect of time of the day, sex, weather, and relative humidity on activities of adult emus were investigated. Eight randomly selected emus were observed using one-zero sampling method for 12 days, each period of observation lasting 30 minutes. The major behavioral categories identified were ingestive drinking, standing, locomotion, grooming, socialization, vocalization, and resting. The emus spent most of their time walking, standing, and eating. Immediately after moving to a new pen, emus were found to huddle together to keep away from emus already resident in the pen. The time spent on each activity was not significantly different between the sexes. The findings from this study provided important information on the behavior and activities of emus. The observed behaviors need to be further examined to assess their relations to the birds’ welfare.

Leveraging Household Structure for Increasing Adult Physical Activity in a Low-Income, African American Community

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-590
Author(s):  
John A. Bernhart ◽  
Kelly R. Ylitalo ◽  
M. Renée Umstattd Meyer ◽  
Eva I. Doyle ◽  
Lindsay R. Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent Of Task ◽  
Public Health Emergency Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health Behavior Changes

Health behavior changes often require focusing on factors beyond the individual, particularly in low-income and underresourced areas. The purpose of this article was to assess associations between household structure and adult physical activity levels. Data were collected using Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response methodology to administer a household survey ( n = 100). Household structure was calculated from summing the number of adults (⩾18 years) and children (<18 years) reported living in the house. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form. Adults living in households with two or more adults reported more MET (metabolic equivalent of task) minutes of physical activity per week than adults from households with only one adult. Adults living in households with two or more adults were twice as likely to meet aerobic guidelines for physical activity compared to adults living in households with only adult. Findings suggest the need for developing ecologic approaches in low-income communities to increase social support for physical activity in adults.

scholarly journals A Midsummer Night’s Diet: Snapshot on Trophic Strategy of the Alpine Salamander, Salamandra atra

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Luca Roner ◽  
Andrea Costa ◽  
Paolo Pedrini ◽  
Giorgio Matteucci ◽  
Stefano Leonardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Optimal Diet ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trophic Strategy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time ◽  
Short Timeframe

Information on the trophic ecology of the Alpine salamander, Salamandra atra, is scattered and anecdotal. We studied for the first time the trophic niche and prey availability of a population from an area located in Italian Dolomites during the first half of August. Considering that S. atra is a typical nocturnal species, we collected food availability separately for diurnal and nocturnal hours. Our aims were: (i) to obtain information on the realized trophic niche; (ii) to provide a direct comparison between trophic strategy considering only nocturnal preys or considering all preys; (iii) to study trophic strategy of this species at the individual level. In two samplings nights we obtained prey from 50 individuals using stomach flushing technique. Trophic strategy was determined using the graphical Costello method and selectivity using the relativized electivity index. During the short timeframe of our sample, this salamander showed a generalized trophic strategy. The total trophic availability differed significantly from nocturnal availability. Interindividual diet variation is discussed in the light of the optimal diet theory. Finally, we highlighted that considering or not the activity time of the studied taxon and its preys may lead to a conflicting interpretation of the trophic strategies.

scholarly journals Diurnal and Nocturnal Activity Time Budgets of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in a Zoological Park

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Lukacs ◽  
Melanie Poulin ◽  
Hayley Besenthal ◽  
Otto Fad ◽  
Stephen Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Zoological Park

An investigation into the texture preferences of horses using novel objects

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
H. Rousell ◽  
L. Dumbell
Keyword(s):  
Time Budgets ◽  
Stable Environment ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
The Individual

The majority of horses in the U.K. are confined to a stable at some point in their life. If the environment of an individual is unacceptable, abnormal behaviours can result as the horse's way of coping. This could potentially decrease the welfare of the individual due to reduced health caused by the performance of locomotor and, or, oral stereotypies (Nicol 1999, Waters et al., 2002, Garrett 2002). Studies have shown the stable environment (and the management methods usually associated with it) to frequently affect the time budgets of horses in a way consistent with lack of stimulation (Young, 2003). Many products claim to provide the horse with stimulation and so reduce ‘boredom’. The effectiviness of these products remains uncertain although some studies have shown changes to time budgets on their addition to the stable environment (Winskill et al., 1996; Henderson and Waran, 2001). However, little research has been done, on what qualities these objects should possess.

Exploratory Analysis of the Activity Time-Use Frontier and Its Effect on Episodic Well-Being: Data from the Disability and Use of Time Survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 2669 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinath K. Ravulaparthy ◽  
Karthik C. Konduri ◽  
Konstadinos G. Goulias
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Technical Inefficiency ◽  
Activity Engagement ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Use Of Time

The role of time (as a constrained resource) in terms of budgets and expenditures is of great importance in travel behavior analysis within the context of daily activity engagement choices, emotional well-being, and quality of life. This research investigated the behavioral links between activity time budgets and episodic well-being measures in a two-stage process, using data from the 2009 Disability and Use of Time Survey. First, with the use of the episodic-level data, time budgets were formulated with the use of a stochastic frontier modeling approach. The technical inefficiency measure that represented the degree to which an individual expended his or her time (or an upper bound of the time budget) in activity engagement was also derived. Second, with the use of this measure of technical inefficiency, the effects on reported individuals’ episodic well-being measures were further investigated. The indicators of well-being—happiness, calmness, frustration, sadness, worry, tiredness, and pain—were analyzed with a multivariate ordered probit modeling framework. The models were estimated by controlling for a broad array of covariates related to sociodemographics, activity, and travel characteristics, along with the social contexts of companionship and altruism and global well-being indicators. Empirical results suggested that individuals experienced varying levels of positive and negative emotions from their daily activity time-use patterns, in both efficient and inefficient episodes. Productive episodes (e.g., working and volunteering) with higher time budgets (or inefficiencies) increased the likelihood of individuals experiencing higher levels of negative emotions. The model findings also revealed that high-income households and individuals younger than 65 years old with inefficient time-use patterns exhibited lower levels of happiness and calmness.

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