scholarly journals The Palatal Interpterygoid Vacuities of Temnospondyls and the Implications for the Associated Eye- and Jaw Musculature

2017 ◽  
Vol 300 (7) ◽  
pp. 1240-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Witzmann ◽  
Ingmar Werneburg
Keyword(s):  
Jaw Musculature

scholarly journals Jaw Musculature of the Picini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginaldo José Donatelli
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Old World ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Clear Association ◽  
Jaw Musculature ◽  
Eurasian Region

The Picini tribe comprises 25 Old World woodpecker species grouped into seven genera that are widely distributed in Asia and include several representatives from the Eurasian region. Given the absence of detailed anatomical studies of Picini in the literature, the purposes of this study were to describe the jaw musculature of 14 species of Picini in detail and to compare the musculature patterns of these species. The results of this analysis indicate the following: (1) there is a clear association between theventralis lateralisanddorsalis lateralismuscles through fleshy fibers that are connected in all species, (2) the jaw musculature of the genusPicusdiffers from that of other Picini genera in terms of the poor development of the protractor muscle system of the quadrate (M. protractor quadratiandM. protractor pterygoidei), (3) generally, theM. pseudotemporalis superficialisoriginates in the ventrocaudal region of the laterosphenoid (the lower part of the orbit), with the only noteworthy exception being an origin in the upper part of the orbit inDinopium javanense, and (4) theprotractor pterygoideimuscle is more developed inBlythipicus rubiginosus, Dinopium rafflesii,andD. javanensethan in the other species.

BEETLES THAT CANNOT BITE: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD OF ADULT RHYSODINES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE OR RHYSODIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross T. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Cavity ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Slime Molds ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Jaw Musculature

AbstractIn Rhysodini the greatly enlarged mentum forms the entering edge as the beetle wedge-pushes its way through wood. The mandibles cannot bite either wood fibers or food items, but function as a cover for the other mouthparts. The palpi are completely retractile. Each maxilla bears two stylets, the galea and lacinia, and the ligula consists of two bilobed structures. These are apparently the sole feeding structures enabling the beetles to prey on the amoeboid stage of slime molds. The large internal cavity of the head is interpreted as a compromise between a greatly reduced head volume, resulting from reduced jaw musculature, and the need to retain the surface of a full-sized head as part of the wedge-pushing apparatus.

scholarly journals Jaw musculature of Cyclarhis gujanensis (Aves: Vireonidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM. Previatto ◽  
SR. Posso
Keyword(s):  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Temporal Fossa ◽  
Jaw Muscles ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Caudal Portion ◽  
Jaw Apparatus ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Anatomical Knowledge ◽  
Jaw Musculature

AbstractCyclarhis gujanensis is a little bird which feeds on high number of large preys, such frogs, lizards, snakes, bats and birds. As there are few studies on the cranial anatomy of this species, we aimed to describe the cranial myology to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of this species and to make some assumptions about functional anatomy. Thus, we described the muscles from the jaw apparatus (external and internal adductor muscles, the muscles of the pterygoid system and the depressor muscles of the mandible). The adductor system is the greatest and multipinulated, particularly in its origin in the caudal portion of the temporal fossa. The depressor jaw muscles systems are enlarged with many components in complexity. The most of jaw apparatus muscles are short, but the strength (biting or crushing forces) from short feeding apparatus fibers probably is increased by high number of components and pinnulation. These anatomical aspects of the muscles indicate a considerable force in the jaws, without which C. gujanensis probably could not cut their prey into smaller pieces. However, functional approaches to analysis of forces of the muscle fibers are needed to corroborate / refute the hypotheses mentioned above.

scholarly journals A black, non-troglomorphic amphibian from the karst of Slovenia: Proteus anguinus parkelj n. ssp. (Urodela: Proteidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sket ◽  
J. W. Arntzen
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Single Species ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Allozyme Analysis ◽  
Proteus Anguinus ◽  
Dark Pigmentation ◽  
Jaw Musculature ◽  
Plesiomorphic Character

A morphologically distinct cavernicolous salamander Proteus anguinus from southeastern Slovenia (Bela Krajina) is described as P. a. parkelj ssp. n. It differs from P. a. anguinus in a dark pigmentation, fully developed eyes, a skull with broader and shorter bones and fewer teeth, a voluminous jaw musculature that gives the head a bulky appearance, a proportionally longer trunk with a higher number of vertebrae, shorter extremities, and a shorter tail. Most of these traits are considered to be plesiomorphic character states. An allozyme analysis over 40 loci has shown the new dark pigmented taxon to be genetically similar to a white and troglomorphic neighbouring population from Stična (DNei = 0.23). Both populations in turn are genetically dissimilar to a geographically more distant population from Postojna (D Nei = 0.49). The observed level of genetic differentiation suggests that western and southeastern Slovenian populations form separate lineages since the uppermost Miocene but conservatively hitherto only a single species is recognised. The new taxon is only known from a small area and may be rare. P. a. parkelj, now under strict legal protection, is threatened by industrial pollution.

scholarly journals Ecomorphological diversification in squamates from conserved pattern of cranial integration

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (29) ◽  
pp. 14688-14697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinobu Watanabe ◽  
Anne-Claire Fabre ◽  
Ryan N. Felice ◽  
Jessica A. Maisano ◽  
Johannes Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Phenotypic Integration ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Developmental Variations ◽  
Jaw Musculature

Factors intrinsic and extrinsic to organisms dictate the course of morphological evolution but are seldom considered together in comparative analyses. Among vertebrates, squamates (lizards and snakes) exhibit remarkable morphological and developmental variations that parallel their incredible ecological spectrum. However, this exceptional diversity also makes systematic quantification and analysis of their morphological evolution challenging. We present a squamate-wide, high-density morphometric analysis of the skull across 181 modern and extinct species to identify the primary drivers of their cranial evolution within a unified, quantitative framework. Diet and habitat preferences, but not reproductive mode, are major influences on skull-shape evolution across squamates, with fossorial and aquatic taxa exhibiting convergent and rapid changes in skull shape. In lizards, diet is associated with the shape of the rostrum, reflecting its use in grasping prey, whereas snakes show a correlation between diet and the shape of posterior skull bones important for gape widening. Similarly, we observe the highest rates of evolution and greatest disparity in regions associated with jaw musculature in lizards, whereas those forming the jaw articulation evolve faster in snakes. In addition, high-resolution ancestral cranial reconstructions from these data support a terrestrial, nonfossorial origin for snakes. Despite their disparate evolutionary trends, lizards and snakes unexpectedly share a common pattern of trait integration, with the highest correlations in the occiput, jaw articulation, and palate. We thus demonstrate that highly diverse phenotypes, exemplified by lizards and snakes, can and do arise from differential selection acting on conserved patterns of phenotypic integration.

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