BEETLES THAT CANNOT BITE: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD OF ADULT RHYSODINES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE OR RHYSODIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross T. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Cavity ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Slime Molds ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Jaw Musculature

AbstractIn Rhysodini the greatly enlarged mentum forms the entering edge as the beetle wedge-pushes its way through wood. The mandibles cannot bite either wood fibers or food items, but function as a cover for the other mouthparts. The palpi are completely retractile. Each maxilla bears two stylets, the galea and lacinia, and the ligula consists of two bilobed structures. These are apparently the sole feeding structures enabling the beetles to prey on the amoeboid stage of slime molds. The large internal cavity of the head is interpreted as a compromise between a greatly reduced head volume, resulting from reduced jaw musculature, and the need to retain the surface of a full-sized head as part of the wedge-pushing apparatus.

Age and food hardness affect food handling by insectivorous bats

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 985-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Fraser ◽  
M.B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Food Items ◽  
And Gender

Eating behaviour can vary with age, experience, and gender, as well as food hardness. This variation can contribute to intraspecific dietary differences and may result in variable definitions of optimal foraging and decreased intraspecific competition. We quantified feeding behaviour of insectivorous bats eating hard and soft mealworm-based food items based on the bats’ ability to consume and manipulate food items, consumption time, chew frequency, and total chews to consume. Adult Myotis lucifugus (LeConte, 1831) were more successful at both consuming and manipulating mealworms and consumed mealworms more quickly, with greater chew frequency and in fewer chews, than did subadults. Adults chewed mealworm viscera more frequently than did subadults but showed no differences in the other variables. Adult Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796) consumed mealworms more quickly and with fewer chews than did subadults but showed no differences in the other variables. There were no differences between adult and subadult E. fuscus when consuming mealworm viscera. Male and female M. lucifugus did not differ significantly when eating either mealworms or mealworm viscera. There was no change in subadult consumption time of mealworms over the summer. Age-based differences in eating abilities may play a role in defining optimal foraging and dietary composition in insectivorous bats.

scholarly journals Jaw Musculature of the Picini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginaldo José Donatelli
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Old World ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Clear Association ◽  
Jaw Musculature ◽  
Eurasian Region

The Picini tribe comprises 25 Old World woodpecker species grouped into seven genera that are widely distributed in Asia and include several representatives from the Eurasian region. Given the absence of detailed anatomical studies of Picini in the literature, the purposes of this study were to describe the jaw musculature of 14 species of Picini in detail and to compare the musculature patterns of these species. The results of this analysis indicate the following: (1) there is a clear association between theventralis lateralisanddorsalis lateralismuscles through fleshy fibers that are connected in all species, (2) the jaw musculature of the genusPicusdiffers from that of other Picini genera in terms of the poor development of the protractor muscle system of the quadrate (M. protractor quadratiandM. protractor pterygoidei), (3) generally, theM. pseudotemporalis superficialisoriginates in the ventrocaudal region of the laterosphenoid (the lower part of the orbit), with the only noteworthy exception being an origin in the upper part of the orbit inDinopium javanense, and (4) theprotractor pterygoideimuscle is more developed inBlythipicus rubiginosus, Dinopium rafflesii,andD. javanensethan in the other species.

scholarly journals Natural history of the lizard Enyalius brasiliensis (Lesson, 1828) (Leiosauridae) from an Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Sluys ◽  
V. M. Ferreira ◽  
C. F. D. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Food Items ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forest Leaf Litter

Information on the ecology of lizard species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is scarce and almost nothing is known about the ecology of lizards of the genus Enyalius. In this study, we provide information about some aspects of the natural history of E. brasiliensis from an area of Atlantic Forest in Ilha Grande, RJ. Enyalius brasiliensis (N = 15) feeds mainly on arthropods. The most frequent food items were insect larvae, orthopterans, and ants; in terms of volume, larvae and termites were the most important food items; ants and termites were the most numerous prey categories. Two females were reproductive (one had 10 and the other, five vitellogenic follicles); the smallest measured 92.4 mm in SVL. Seven lizards were found on forest leaf litter. The other microhabitats used were vines, fallen logs, branches, and a crevice on a slope.

scholarly journals Bonobos voluntarily hand food to others but not toys or tools

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1886) ◽  
pp. 20181536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Krupenye ◽  
Jingzhi Tan ◽  
Brian Hare
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Food Transfer ◽  
Common Descent ◽  
Food Items

A key feature of human prosociality is direct transfers , the most active form of sharing in which donors voluntarily hand over resources in their possession . Direct transfers buffer hunter-gatherers against foraging shortfalls. The emergence and elaboration of this behaviour thus likely played a key role in human evolution by promoting cooperative interdependence and ensuring that humans' growing energetic needs (e.g. for increasing brain size) were more reliably met. According to the strong prosociality hypothesis , among great apes only humans exhibit sufficiently strong prosocial motivations to directly transfer food. The versatile prosociality hypothesis suggests instead that while other apes may make transfers in constrained settings, only humans share flexibly across food and non-food contexts. In controlled experiments, chimpanzees typically transfer objects but not food, supporting both hypotheses. In this paper, we show in two experiments that bonobos directly transfer food but not non-food items. These findings show that, in some contexts, bonobos exhibit a human-like motivation for direct food transfer. However, humans share across a far wider range of contexts, lending support to the versatile prosociality hypothesis. Our species' unusual prosocial flexibility is likely built on a prosocial foundation we share through common descent with the other apes.

Remains of Mammals, Including Notomys Longicaudatus (Gould) (Rodentia:Muridae), in Owl Pellets From the Flinders Ranges, S.a.

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Flinders Ranges ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Owl Pellets

Owl pellets were collected at 3 sites in the northern Flinders Ranges, S. Australia, from deposits in caves. Food items included rodents and marsupials that are no longer found there and some of which are thought to be extinct. There were remains of Mus musculus among them, indicating that the other species had lived in the Flinders Ranges at least until the 19th century.

Functional morphology of the membranous lobe within the preoral cavity of Thenus orientalis (Crustacea: Scyllaridae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-800
Author(s):  
D.J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Peripheral Cell ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Morphology And Structure ◽  
Oral Surface ◽  
Spherical Cells

The membranous lobe of Thenus orientalis (Lund) is a broad fleshy protuberance arising midventrally from the sternal skeleton between the second maxillipeds. Its position, morphology and structure are described and its association with the metastome of other crustaceans discussed. Several roles during ingestion can be postulated. The lobe extends anteriorly towards the mandibles and forms the roof of the preoral cavity and posterior boundary of the mouth. It has a flattened strengthening rod extending the width of the aboral surface, which is covered by three types of anteriorly-directed annulate setae and densely arranged clusters of microscales and microspines. Histologically it is characterized by large amounts of longitudinal and circular striated muscle and tegumental glands beneath the oral surface. These glands secrete sulphated acidic mucopolysaccharides which lubricate food during ingestion. Spherical cells are dispersed throughout the connective tissue beneath the aboral surface. These are characterized by a granular homogeneous cytoplasm, a peripheral cell nucleus and few organelles. Their contents stain positively for protein and neutral mucopolysaccharides and their role is most likely storage of these compounds, although the significance of this is not known. During ingestion, food is passed over the lobe surface and its anterior lip retracts ventro-posteriorly, dilating the preoral cavity to allow quick and efficient swallowing of large food items.

Enhancement of Ethylenethiourea Recoveries in Food Analyses by Addition of Cysteine Hydrochloride

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris A Sack
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Food Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Butylated Hydroxyanisole ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Cysteine Hydrochloride ◽  
Vitamins A And C

Abstract The effectiveness of cysteine hydrochloride (Cys–HCI) as a preservative of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in product matrixes and during analysis was studied. ETU recoveries were adversely affected by certain product matrixes when fortified directly into the product. Recoveries in 8 selected food items were 0–92% when analyzed 30 min after fortification and 0–51% when analyzed after 24 h. When Cys–HCI was added to product prior to fortification, recoveries increased to 71–95% even after frozen storage for 2–4 weeks. Cys–HCI was added during analysis of 53 untreated items. Recoveries improved an average of 15% with Cys–HCI. Without Cys–HCI, recoveries were erratic (20–98%), but with Cys–HCI, recoveries were 68–113%. Other antioxidants (sodium sulfite, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and vitamins A and C) also were evaluated as ETU preservatives. When lettuce was treated first with sodium sulfite and then fortified with ETU, recoveries averaged 86%; without sodium sulfite, they averaged 1%. The other antioxidants were less effective for preserving ETU in lettuce, giving only 8–46% recoveries. The effect of oxidizers (potassium bromate, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide) on ETU recovery was also determined. Recovery of ETU from a baby food product (pears and pineapple) was 82%; with oxidizers, recoveries were 0–8%.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON ROLE OF KSHARAGAD IN ALLERGIC SKIN DISEASES W.S.R. TO DUSHIVISHA JANYA TWAK VIKAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (11) ◽  
pp. 5089-5095
Author(s):  
Rashmi Choudhary ◽  
Prabhat Patel ◽  
Inchulkar S. R ◽  
Aruna Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Allergic Skin

Dushivisha is an important concept in Vishatantra. It is a low potent poison which gets vitiates due to dushit Desh, Kala, Anna and Diwaswapna which are similar to the factors like industrialization, seasonal variation, synthetic food items, changing lifestyle. Now a day’s due to this lifestyle of a modern man, im-mune system of a person declines and leads to evolution of various diseases out of which allergic skin dis-eases are common. Dushivisha is a peculiar poison which vitiates Dhatus. In its relation with Rakta Dhatu some of the skin problems caused by Dushivisha which are described in Samhitas are Kustha, Visarpa, Bhinna Varna, Shonitdusti, Shitapitta, Udarda, Kotha. These symptoms are similar as that of hypersensi-tivity reactions. Udarda-Sheetapitta-Kotha has almost similar symptomatology and causative factors as Ur-ticaria. Asatmya, Virudhahara and Dushivisha are common etiological factors for these diseases which can be correlated with allergic conditions. So, various types of allergic skin diseases can be taken under Dushi-visha Janya Twak Vikar (Shitapitta-Udarda-Kotha). Urticaria affects 20% of people at some or the other time in their life. So, on looking at the increased incidence rate of allergic skin diseases, it’s a need to find some conservative source which would be helpful in management of skin diseases from the root by cleans-ing vitiated Dhosha and balancing whole body. Ksharagad mentioned in Charak Samhita is one of those formulations helpful to prevent such diseases by its actions like Kusthgna, Krimghna, Shothhar, Kandugh-na, Twachya, Tridoshahar properties, increasing immunity and suppressing allergic activity.

scholarly journals Detection of Fungal Contagion in Food Items Using Enhanced Image Segmentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1748-1757 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Detection Capabilities ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Foreign Materials

Today the consumer demands for superior quality and safe food products. In order to obtain healthier products we need to emphasize on superior detection capabilities to identify any presence of foreign materials on them which are responsible for making them unhygienic. Image segmentation is one such technique which is vastly employed in such domains. It identifies the affected portion from the other regions. Hence, we made an effort to apply image segmentation to discover the existence of fungal contagion in food items. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use clustering as an approach in image segmentation. Few improved cluster-based image segmentation techniques like K-Means, MCKM, FEKM and FECA were used on quite a variety of food items to detect the existence of any kind of fungal growth on their surface. The results segmentation obtained were analyzed to verify their effectiveness by using few known performance measures including SC, RMSE, PSNR, MSE, MAE and NAE. The various food images were segmented to obtain both their gray scale and colored results. As per our anticipation, the outcome of FECA based segmentation is by far much sounder in contrast to the other methods. More or less every value of chosen quality measures offer encouraging results for FECA based segmentation technique as compared to the others, which implies accurate identification of fungal growth on food surfaces was achievable.

COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE STAUROMEDUSAE

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Berrill
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Gastrovascular System

Considerable variation in the gastrovascular system occurs among the two families of the Stauromedusae, or stalked jellyfish. These variations are illustrated by decriptions of three New England species, Lucernaria quadricornis, Haliclystus salpinx, and Thaumatoscyphus atlanticus, and are correlated with changes in the organization of the other, associated structures. Some misconceptions concerning the true significance of the gastric pockets are clarified. A coordinated comparison is made of the functional morphology of the two families, with an interpretation in terms of relative growth processes.

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