scholarly journals A head start for life history development? Family income mediates associations between height and immune response in men

2018 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrikis Krams ◽  
Severi Luoto ◽  
Anna Rubika ◽  
Tatjana Krama ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
Head Start ◽  
Family Income

scholarly journals Early swelling response to phytohemagglutinin is lower in older toads

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho ◽  
Mar Comas
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Innate Response ◽  
Early Immune Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidalea Calamita

The effects of age on performance of life-history traits are diverse, but a common outcome is senescence, an irreversible deterioration of physical and physiological capabilities of older individuals. Immune response is potentially bound to senescence. However, little is known about immune response ageing in amphibians. In this work, we test the hypothesis that amphibian early immune response is reduced in older individuals. To this end, we captured adult natterjack toads (Epidalea calamita) and inoculated them with phytohemagglutinin, an innocuous protein that triggers a skin-swelling immune response whose magnitude is directly proportional to the ability of the individual to mount an immune response. We measured early swelling immune response (corresponding to an innate-response stage) hourly, for six hours, and we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for each individual’s time series, as a measure of immune response magnitude incorporating time. We estimated toad age by means of phalanx skeletochronology. Swelling and AUC decreased with age. Therefore, in accordance with our predictions, early immune response seems subject to senescence in these toads. Reduced ability to get over infections due to senescence of immune respose might be—together with a worse functioning of other organs and systems—among the causes of lower survival of older specimens.

scholarly journals Sympatric versus allopatric evolutionary contexts shape differential immune response in Biomphalaria / Schistosoma interaction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Portet ◽  
Silvain Pinaud ◽  
Cristian Chaparro ◽  
Richard Galinier ◽  
Nolwenn M. Dheilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractSelective pressures between hosts and their parasites can result in reciprocal evolution or adaptation of specific life history traits. Local adaptation of resident hosts and parasites should lead to increase parasite infectivity/virulence (higher compatibility) when infecting hosts from the same location (in sympatry) than from a foreign location (in allopatry). Analysis of geographic variations in compatibility phenotypes is the most common proxy used to infer local adaptation. However, in some cases, allopatric host-parasite systems demonstrate similar or greater compatibility than in sympatry. In such cases, the potential for local adaptation remains unclear. Here, we study the interaction between Schistosoma and its vector snail Biomphalaria in which such discrepancy in local versus foreign compatibility phenotype has been reported. Herein, we aim at bridging this gap of knowledge by comparing life history traits (immune cellular response, host mortality, and parasite growth) and molecular responses in highly compatible sympatric and allopatric Schistosoma/Biomphalaria interactions originating from different geographic localities (Brazil, Venezuela and Burundi). We found that despite displaying similar prevalence phenotypes, sympatric schistosomes triggered a rapid immune suppression (dual-RNAseq analyses) in the snails within 24h post infection, whereas infection by allopatric schistosomes (regardless of the species) was associated with immune cell proliferation and triggered a non-specific generalized immune response after 96h. We observed that, sympatric schistosomes grow more rapidly. Finally, we identify miRNAs differentially expressed by Schistosoma mansoni that target host immune genes and could be responsible for hijacking the host immune response during the sympatric interaction. We show that despite having similar prevalence phenotypes, sympatric and allopatric snail-Schistosoma interactions displayed strong differences in their immunobiological molecular dialogue. Understanding the mechanisms allowing parasites to adapt rapidly and efficiently to new hosts is critical to control disease emergence and risks of Schistosomiasis outbreaks.Author summarySchistosomiasis, the second most widespread human parasitic disease after malaria, is caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. More than 200 million people in 74 countries suffer from the pathological, and societal consequences of this disease. To complete its life cycle, the parasite requires an intermediate host, a freshwater snail of the genus Biomphalaria for its transmission. Given the limited options for treating Schistosoma mansoni infections in humans, much research has focused on developing methods to control transmission by its intermediate snail host. Biomphalaria glabrata. Comparative studies have shown that infection of the snail triggers complex cellular and humoral immune responses resulting in significant variations in parasite infectivity and snail susceptibility, known as the so-called polymorphism of compatibility. However, studies have mostly focused on characterizing the immunobiological mechanisms in sympatric interactions. Herein we used a combination of molecular and phenotypic approaches to compare the effect of infection in various sympatric and allopatric evolutionary contexts, allowing us to better understand the mechanisms of host-parasite local adaptation. Learning more about the immunobiological interactions between B. glabrata and S. mansoni could have important socioeconomic and public health impacts by changing the way we attempt to eradicate parasitic diseases and prevent or control schistosomiasis in the field.

scholarly journals Immune life history, vaccination, and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 over the next 5 years

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 370 (6518) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadi M. Saad-Roy ◽  
Caroline E. Wagner ◽  
Rachel E. Baker ◽  
Sinead E. Morris ◽  
Jeremy Farrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

The future trajectory of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic hinges on the dynamics of adaptive immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); however, salient features of the immune response elicited by natural infection or vaccination are still uncertain. We use simple epidemiological models to explore estimates for the magnitude and timing of future COVID-19 cases, given different assumptions regarding the protective efficacy and duration of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, as well as its interaction with vaccines and nonpharmaceutical interventions. We find that variations in the immune response to primary SARS-CoV-2 infections and a potential vaccine can lead to markedly different immune landscapes and burdens of critically severe cases, ranging from sustained epidemics to near elimination. Our findings illustrate likely complexities in future COVID-19 dynamics and highlight the importance of immunological characterization beyond the measurement of active infections for adequately projecting the immune landscape generated by SARS-CoV-2 infections.

scholarly journals Age- and Diet-Specific Effects of Variation at S6 Kinase on Life History, Metabolic, and Immune Response Traits in Drosophila melanogaster

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cho ◽  
Lucas Horn ◽  
Tashauna M. Felix ◽  
Leanne Foster ◽  
Gwendolyn Gregory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
S6 Kinase ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Response Traits

scholarly journals Self-harm caused by an insect's innate immunity

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1600) ◽  
pp. 2571-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben M Sadd ◽  
Michael T Siva-Jothy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Potential Disadvantage ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Fast Acting

It has been a long-held assumption that the innate immune system of insects causes self-harm when used to combat an immune insult. We show empirically that this assumption is correct. Invertebrate innate immunity relies heavily on effector systems which, on activation, produce cytotoxins that kill pathogens. Reliance on these robust, fast-acting, generic killing mechanisms ensures a potent and rapid response to pathogen invasion, but has the potential disadvantage of causing self-damage. We show that the innate immune response against an immune insult produces measurable phenotypic and functional damage to self-tissue in the beetle Tenebrio molitor . This type of self-harm (autoreactivity) and the life-history implications that arise from it are important to understand evolutionary phenomena such as the dynamics between hosts and parasites as well as the nature of immune system costs.

Compensating for delayed hatching reduces offspring immune response and increases life-history costs

Oikos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea P. Murillo-Rincón ◽  
Anssi Laurila ◽  
Germán Orizaola
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
Delayed Hatching

scholarly journals Physiological Tradeoffs of Immune Response Differs by Infection Type in Pieris napi

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi L. P. Keehnen ◽  
Lucie Kučerová ◽  
Sören Nylin ◽  
Ulrich Theopold ◽  
Christopher W. Wheat
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Pieris Napi ◽  
Successful Infection

Understanding the tradeoffs that result from successful infection responses is central to understanding how life histories evolve. Gaining such insights, however, can be challenging, as they may be pathogen specific and confounded with experimental design. Here, we investigated whether infection from gram positive or negative bacteria results in different physiological tradeoffs, and whether these infections impact life history later in life (post-diapause development), in the butterfly Pieris napi. During the first 24 h after infection (3, 6, 12, and 24 h), after removing effects due to injection, larvae infected with Micrococcus luteus showed a strong suppression of all non-immunity related processes while several types of immune responses were upregulated. In contrast, this tradeoff between homeostasis and immune response was much less pronounced in Escherichia coli infections. These differences were also visible long after infection, via weight loss and slower development, as well as an increased mortality at higher infection levels during later stages of development. Individuals infected with M. luteus, compared to E. coli, had a higher mortality rate, and a lower pupal weight, developmental rate and adult weight. Further, males exhibited a more negative impact of infection than females. Thus, immune responses come at a cost even when the initial infection has been overcome, and these costs are likely to affect later life history parameters with fitness consequences.

scholarly journals Basal superoxide as a sex-specific immune constraint

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tobler ◽  
Mo Healey ◽  
Mark Wilson ◽  
Mats Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Trade Offs

There is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of unstable and highly reactive chemical molecules, play a key role in regulating and maintaining life-history trade-offs. Upregulation of ROS in association with immune activation is costly because it may result in an imbalance between pro- and antioxidants and, hence, oxidative damage. Previous research aimed at quantifying this cost has mostly focused on changes in the pro-/antioxidant balance subsequent to an immune response. Here, we test the hypothesis that systemic ROS may constrain immune activation. We show that systemic, pre-challenge superoxide (SO) levels are negatively related to the strength of the subsequent immune response towards the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin in male, but not female painted dragon lizards ( Ctenophorus pictus ). We therefore suggest that systemic SO constrains immune activation in painted dragon males. We speculate that this may be due to sex-specific selection pressures on immune investment.

scholarly journals Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Deming
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Young Adult Outcomes ◽  
Bottom Quartile ◽  
Childhood Intervention ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Model Programs

This paper provides new evidence on the long-term benefits of Head Start using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I compare siblings who differ in their participation in the program, controlling for a variety of pre-treatment covariates. I estimate that Head Start participants gain 0.23 standard deviations on a summary index of young adult outcomes. This closes one-third of the gap between children with median and bottom quartile family income, and is about 80 percent as large as model programs such as Perry Preschool. The long-term impact for disadvantaged children is large despite “fade-out” of test score gains. (JEL H52, J13, I28, I38)

scholarly journals Visualization of the Genesis and Fate of Isotype-switched B Cells during a Primary Immune Response

2003 ◽  
Vol 197 (12) ◽  
pp. 1677-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Pape ◽  
Valerie Kouskoff ◽  
David Nemazee ◽  
H. Lucy Tang ◽  
Jason G. Cyster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life History ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
History Of ◽  
Red Pulp

The life history of isotype-switched B cells is unclear, in part, because of an inability to detect rare antigen-specific B cells at early times during the immune response. To address this issue, a small population of B cells carrying targeted antibody transgenes capable of class switching was monitored in immunized mice. After contacting helper T cells, the first switched B cells appeared in follicles rather than in the red pulp, as was expected. Later, some of the switched B cells transiently occupied the red pulp and marginal zone, whereas others persisted in germinal centers (GCs). Antigen-experienced IgM B cells were rarely found in GCs, indicating that these cells switched rapidly after entering GCs or did not persist in this environment.

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