Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start

David Deming

doi:10.1257/app.1.3.111

Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start

American Economic Journal Applied Economics ◽

10.1257/app.1.3.111 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 111-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 141

Author(s):

David Deming

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

Family Income ◽

Disadvantaged Children ◽

Young Adult Outcomes ◽

Bottom Quartile ◽

Childhood Intervention ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

Model Programs

This paper provides new evidence on the long-term benefits of Head Start using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I compare siblings who differ in their participation in the program, controlling for a variety of pre-treatment covariates. I estimate that Head Start participants gain 0.23 standard deviations on a summary index of young adult outcomes. This closes one-third of the gap between children with median and bottom quartile family income, and is about 80 percent as large as model programs such as Perry Preschool. The long-term impact for disadvantaged children is large despite “fade-out” of test score gains. (JEL H52, J13, I28, I38)

Download Full-text

Early Childhood Education Programs

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.15.2.213 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 213-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 344

Author(s):

Janet Currie

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Early Childhood Education ◽

Head Start ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Education Programs ◽

Childhood Education ◽

Disadvantaged Children ◽

Model Programs

This paper discusses early childhood education programs: their goals; effectiveness; optimal timing, targeting, and content; and costs and benefits. Early intervention has significant short- and medium-term benefits: most notably it reduces grade repetition and special education costs, and provides quality child care. The effects are greatest for more disadvantaged children. Some model programs have produced exciting improvements in educational attainment and earnings and have reduced welfare dependency and crime. The jury is still out on the long-term effects of Head Start, but Head Start would pay for itself if it produced a quarter of the long-term gains of model programs.

Download Full-text

Enhancing Resilience: The Role Of Head Start and Cultural Context in Mitigating the Long Term Impact of Maternal Depression on Children

N H S A Research Quarterly ◽

10.1207/s19309325nhsa0102_3 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 15-27

Author(s):

Mary Anne Chalkley ◽

Robert K. Leik ◽

Gail Duane ◽

Kari Keiser

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

Maternal Depression ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Long Term Impact

Download Full-text

Comparison of different chemotherapy strategies against Schistosoma mansoni in Machakos District, Kenya: effects on human infection and morbidity

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000059850 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 339-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

A. E. Butterworth ◽

R. F. Sturrock ◽

J. H. Ouma ◽

G. G. Mbugua ◽

A. J. C. Fulford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Human Infection ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

Number Of Individuals ◽

Theoretical Considerations

A comparison was made of the long-term impact of different methods of administration of chemotherapy (oxamniquine, 30 mg/kg in divided doses; or praziquantel, 40 mg/kg) on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in four areas in Kangundo Location, Machakos District, Kenya. In Area A, treatment was offered in October 1983 and again in April 1985 to all infected individuals. In Area H, treatment was offered in April 1985 to individuals excreting ≥ 100 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces. In Area H, treatment was offered in April 1985 to all infected school children, within the framework of the primary schools. In the witness area, Area W, treatment was given in April 1985, for ethical reasons, to a small number of individuals excreting ≥ 800 epg. Prevalence and intensities of infection were subsequently monitored at yearly intervals for three complete post-treatment years. In the Area S schools, clinical examination was also carried out at yearly intervals. Treatment of all infected individuals on two occasions (Area A) was the most effective and long-lasting way of reducing prevalence and intensity of infection. In this area, however, some earlier interventions had been carried out and pre-treatment intensities were lower than in the other areas. Treatment only of infected schoolchildren (Area S) also had a marked and prolonged effect, comparable to or better than treatment of individuals with heavy infections (Area H). Treatment of infected schoolchildren also caused a persistent reduction in the prevalence of hepatomegaly, and there was suggestive evidence from intensities of infection in community stool surveys (but not from incidence rates) of an effect on transmission. In all study areas, reinfection was most rapid and most intense among children. These findings are discussed in the light of theoretical considerations and of results from other studies, both on schistosomiasis and on intestinal helminths. We conclude that, in areas of low morbidity such as Kangundo, chemotherapy of schoolchildren only, at intervals of up to 3 years, is a satisfactory way of producing a long-term reduction in both intensity of infection and morbidity.

Download Full-text

INVESTING IN HEALTH: THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF HEAD START ON SMOKING

Economic Inquiry ◽

10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00202.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 587-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

KATHRYN H. ANDERSON ◽

JAMES E. FOSTER ◽

DAVID E. FRISVOLD

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

Long Term Impact

Download Full-text

Health anxiety in medical employees: A multicentre study

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519872310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 4854-4861 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qingsong Chen ◽

Yuqun Zhang ◽

Dongyun Zhuang ◽

Xueqin Mao ◽

Guolin Mi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Income ◽

Family Income ◽

Health Anxiety ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Physical Disease ◽

Standardized Protocol ◽

Education Degree ◽

Long Term Impact

Objective The aim of this study was to explore health anxiety (HA) in a sample of hospital medical employees and to identify factors that influence HA. Methods A consecutively recruited sample of 1702 medical employees with or without HA was obtained from 13 hospitals across China. Participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics were collected using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. Subjects were divided into a HA and non-HA group according to their scores on the Chinese version of the Short Health Anxiety Inventory. Comparisons between groups were conducted and binary logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of HA. Results Total HA prevalence was 30.14%. There were significant differences between the HA and non-HA groups in number of working years, hospital category, sex, marital status, family income, personality, physical disease and education degree. Working in a specialist hospital, being female, being married, low income, introversion, graduate education or above and presence of physical disease were risk factors of HA. Conclusions HA is common in medical employees. More investigation of the long-term impact of HA is warranted.

Download Full-text

Head Start: Evolution of a Successful Comprehensive Child Development Program

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.79.3.441 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 441-445

Author(s):

MILTON KOTELCHUCK ◽

JULIUS B. RICHMOND

Keyword(s):

Child Development ◽

Health Education ◽

Head Start ◽

Development Program ◽

Head Start Program ◽

Disadvantaged Children ◽

Better Than ◽

Start Program

The commentary by Besharov and Hartle1 concludes that disadvantaged children deserve better than what they are getting. Indeed, it is our view—along with virtually all Americans—that all of our children deserve better. The improvement of the health, education, and welfare of all children is a never ending quest. Perhaps the frustration with the Head Start program that permeates the Besharov and Hartle commentary is due to a fundamental misconception of the goals of the Head Start program. From its inception, Head Start has been a comprehensive child development program and not a program focused solely on long-term cognitive gains.

Download Full-text

EELS characterization of “Smut” layer films on steel surface prepared for chrome plating by anodic etching

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100139068 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 538-539

Author(s):

E Y. Wang ◽

J. T. Cherian ◽

A. Madsen ◽

R. M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Steel Surface ◽

Surface Preparation ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Chrome Plating ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Hard Chrome ◽

Electron Energy Loss

Many steel parts are electro-plated with chromium to protect them against corrosion and to improve their wear-resistance. Good adhesion of the chrome plate to the steel surface, which is essential for long term durability of the part, is extremely dependent on surface preparation prior to plating. Recently, McDonnell Douglas developed a new pre-treatment method for chrome plating in which the steel is anodically etched in a sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution. On carbon steel surfaces, this anodic pre-treatment produces a dark, loosely adhering material that is commonly called the “smut” layer. On stainless steels and nickel alloys, the surface is only darkened by the anodic pre-treatment and little residue is produced. Anodic pre-treatment prior to hard chrome plating results in much better adherence to both carbon and alloy steels.We have characterized the anodic pre-treated steel surface and the resulting “smut” layer using various techniques including electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) on bulk samples and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) on stripped films.

Download Full-text

Crisis Phones - Suicide Prevention Versus Suggestion/Contagion Effects

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000313 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 220-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Steven Stack

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Contagion Effects ◽

Long Term Impact

Abstract. Background: There has been no systematic work on the short- or long-term impact of the installation of crisis phones on suicides from bridges. The present study addresses this issue. Method: Data refer to 219 suicides from 1954 through 2013 on the Skyway Bridge in St. Petersburg, Florida. Six crisis phones with signs were installed in July 1999. Results: In the first decade after installation, the phones were used by 27 suicidal persons and credited with preventing 26 or 2.6 suicides a year. However, the net suicide count increased from 48 in the 13 years before installation of phones to 106 the following 13 years or by 4.5 additional suicides/year (t =3.512, p < .001). Conclusion: Although the phones prevented some suicides, there was a net increase after installation. The findings are interpreted with reference to suggestion/contagion effects including the emergence of a controversial bridge suicide blog.

Download Full-text