Cross‐cultural variation in thirst perception in hot‐humid and hot‐arid environments: Evidence from two small‐scale populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Y. Rosinger ◽  
Hilary J. Bethancourt ◽  
Zane S. Swanson ◽  
Kaylee Lopez ◽  
W. Larry Kenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Cultural Variation

scholarly journals Small-scale societies exhibit fundamental variation in the role of intentions in moral judgment

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4688-4693 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Alexander Bolyanatz ◽  
Alyssa N. Crittenden ◽  
Daniel M. T. Fessler ◽  
Simon Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
Mitigating Circumstances

Intent and mitigating circumstances play a central role in moral and legal assessments in large-scale industrialized societies. Although these features of moral assessment are widely assumed to be universal, to date, they have only been studied in a narrow range of societies. We show that there is substantial cross-cultural variation among eight traditional small-scale societies (ranging from hunter-gatherer to pastoralist to horticulturalist) and two Western societies (one urban, one rural) in the extent to which intent and mitigating circumstances influence moral judgments. Although participants in all societies took such factors into account to some degree, they did so to very different extents, varying in both the types of considerations taken into account and the types of violations to which such considerations were applied. The particular patterns of assessment characteristic of large-scale industrialized societies may thus reflect relatively recently culturally evolved norms rather than inherent features of human moral judgment.

scholarly journals “Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Henrich ◽  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Samuel Bowles ◽  
Colin Camerer ◽  
Ernst Fehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Canonical Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Experimental Games

Researchers from across the social sciences have found consistent deviations from the predictions of the canonical model of self-interest in hundreds of experiments from around the world. This research, however, cannot determine whether the uniformity results from universal patterns of human behavior or from the limited cultural variation available among the university students used in virtually all prior experimental work. To address this, we undertook a cross-cultural study of behavior in ultimatum, public goods, and dictator games in a range of small-scale societies exhibiting a wide variety of economic and cultural conditions. We found, first, that the canonical model – based on self-interest – fails in all of the societies studied. Second, our data reveal substantially more behavioral variability across social groups than has been found in previous research. Third, group-level differences in economic organization and the structure of social interactions explain a substantial portion of the behavioral variation across societies: the higher the degree of market integration and the higher the payoffs to cooperation in everyday life, the greater the level of prosociality expressed in experimental games. Fourth, the available individual-level economic and demographic variables do not consistently explain game behavior, either within or across groups. Fifth, in many cases experimental play appears to reflect the common interactional patterns of everyday life.

Where they sing solo: Accounting for cross-cultural variation in collective music-making in theories of music evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddh D. Patel ◽  
Chris von Rueden
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonding ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Music Making

Abstract Collective, synchronous music-making is far from ubiquitous across traditional, small-scale societies. We describe societies that lack collective music and offer hypotheses to help explain this cultural variation. Without identifying the factors that explain variation in collective music-making across these societies, theories of music evolution based on social bonding (Savage et al.) or coalition signaling (Mehr et al.) remain incomplete.

Child Care in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Implications for the Future Organization of Child Care in the United States

1981 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Marks Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Care Organization ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Role Integration ◽  
The Future ◽  
Agrarian Societies

In every society care of children is primarily a female responsibility, yet there is still tremendous cross-cultural variation in the organization of child care. Three characteristics of child care in small-scale traditional agrarian societies are discussed: role integration, use of auxiliary caregivers, and the effects of certain ecological patterns on childrearing. Data concerning each of these points is presented, along with implications for the future organization of child care in our own society. These implications are based on, first, the assumption of adaptive-ness in forms of child care organization that have evolved over periods of time in these relatively stable societies, and, secondly, on the notion that concepts of child care that work in other societies can, in many cases, be adapted to current conditions in the United States.

scholarly journals Fitness consequences of spousal relatedness in 46 small-scale societies

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 20140160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew H. Bailey ◽  
Kim R. Hill ◽  
Robert S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Kinship Networks ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Fitness Consequence

Social norms that regulate reproductive and marital decisions generate impressive cross-cultural variation in the prevalence of kin marriages. In some societies, marriages among kin are the norm and this inbreeding creates intensive kinship networks concentrated within communities. In others, especially forager societies, most marriages are between more genealogically and geographically distant individuals, which generates a larger number of kin and affines of lesser relatedness in more extensive kinship networks spread out over multiple communities. Here, we investigate the fitness consequence of kin marriages across a sample of 46 small-scale societies (12 439 marriages). Results show that some non-forager societies (including horticulturalists, agriculturalists and pastoralists), but not foragers, have intensive kinship societies where fitness outcomes (measured as the number of surviving children in genealogies) peak at commonly high levels of spousal relatedness. By contrast, the extensive kinship systems of foragers have worse fitness outcomes at high levels of spousal relatedness. Overall, societies with greater levels of inbreeding showed a more positive relationship between fitness and spousal relatedness.

scholarly journals Gender differences in BaYaka forager sleep-wake patterns in forest and village contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Kilius ◽  
David R. Samson ◽  
Sheina Lew-Levy ◽  
Mallika S. Sarma ◽  
Ujas A. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Wake Patterns ◽  
The Republic

AbstractSleep studies in small-scale subsistence societies have broadened our understanding of cross-cultural sleep patterns, revealing the flexibility of human sleep. We examined sleep biology among BaYaka foragers from the Republic of Congo who move between environmentally similar but socio-ecologically distinct locations to access seasonal resources. We analyzed the sleep–wake patterns of 51 individuals as they resided in a village location (n = 39) and a forest camp (n = 23) (362 nights total). Overall, BaYaka exhibited high sleep fragmentation (50.5) and short total sleep time (5.94 h), suggestive of segmented sleep patterns. Sleep duration did not differ between locations, although poorer sleep quality was exhibited in the village. Linear mixed effect models demonstrated that women’s sleep differed significantly from men’s in the forest, with longer total sleep time (β ± SE =  − 0.22 ± 0.09, confidence interval (CI) = [− 0.4, − 0.03]), and higher sleep quality (efficiency; β ± SE =  − 0.24 ± 0.09, CI = [− 0.42, − 0.05]). These findings may be due to gender-specific social and economic activities. Circadian rhythms were consistent between locations, with women exhibiting stronger circadian stability. We highlight the importance of considering intra-cultural variation in sleep–wake patterns when taking sleep research into the field.

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