Size-frequency distribution of different secondary crater populations: 1. Equilibrium caused by secondary impacts

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (12) ◽  
pp. 2404-2425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Secondary Crater

Effects of Predation and Trophic Conditions on the Reproduction of Tylototriton verrucosus (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Darjeeling

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritwik Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Hatchling Size ◽  
Predation Rates

The facts that small hatchlings emerged from small eggs laid under high predation levels prevailing at the lower altitudes of distribution of this species in Darjeeling while larger hatchlings emerged from larger eggs laid under lower levels of predation at higher altitudes, show that predation is not selected for large egg and initial hatchling size in this salamandrid species. Metamorphic size was small under high predation rates because this species relied on crypsis for evading predators. Egg and hatchling size are related inversely to levels of primary productivity and zooplankton abundance in lentic habitats. Hatchling sizes are related positively to egg size and size frequency distribution of zooplankton. Small egg and small hatchling size have been selected for at the lower altitudes of distribution of this salamandrid in Darjeeling because predation rates increased in step with improvement in trophic conditions at the lower altitudes.

SIZE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION BIASES IN HORSESHOE CRAB MOLT ASSEMBLAGES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FOSSIL RECORD

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelly J. Wernette ◽  
◽  
Scott Evans ◽  
Christine Hall ◽  
Mary L. Droser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Size Frequency

scholarly journals Blocks Size Frequency Distribution in the Enceladus Tiger Stripes Area: Implications on Their Formative Processes

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pajola ◽  
Alice Lucchetti ◽  
Lara Senter ◽  
Gabriele Cremonese
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Surface Stresses ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
The One ◽  
Power Law Index ◽  
Comet 67P ◽  
South Polar ◽  
Degree Of Fragmentation

We study the size frequency distribution of the blocks located in the deeply fractured, geologically active Enceladus South Polar Terrain with the aim to suggest their formative mechanisms. Through the Cassini ISS images, we identify ~17,000 blocks with sizes ranging from ~25 m to 366 m, and located at different distances from the Damascus, Baghdad and Cairo Sulci. On all counts and for both Damascus and Baghdad cases, the power-law fitting curve has an index that is similar to the one obtained on the deeply fractured, actively sublimating Hathor cliff on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, where several non-dislodged blocks are observed. This suggests that as for 67P, sublimation and surface stresses favor similar fractures development in the Enceladus icy matrix, hence resulting in comparable block disaggregation. A steeper power-law index for Cairo counts may suggest a higher degree of fragmentation, which could be the result of localized, stronger tectonic disruption of lithospheric ice. Eventually, we show that the smallest blocks identified are located from tens of m to 20–25 km from the Sulci fissures, while the largest blocks are found closer to the tiger stripes. This result supports the ejection hypothesis mechanism as the possible source of blocks.

scholarly journals A New Tool to Account for Crater Obliteration Effects in Crater Size-Frequency Distribution Measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 258-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Riedel ◽  
Gregory Michael ◽  
Thomas Kneissl ◽  
Csilla Orgel ◽  
Harald Hiesinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Crater Size ◽  
Size Frequency

scholarly journals DISTRIBUCIÓN DE TALLAS Y CONDICIÓN REPRODUCTIVA DEL CALAMAR GIGANTE Dosidicus gigas (D´ORBIGNY, 1835) EN EL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
J. I. Velázquez-Abunader ◽  
M. O. Nevárez-Martínez ◽  
A. Hernández-Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Dosidicus Gigas ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Jumbo Squid ◽  
Size Frequency

Se analizaron cambios en la distribución de tallas, número de cohortes y condición reproductiva del calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas utilizando muestras provenientes de siete cruceros oceanográficos de investigación, efectuados en la región central del Golfo de California, México de 1997 a 2008. En todas las estaciones se muestrearon hasta 25 ejemplares registrando longitud del manto, sexo y fase de madurez gonádica y cuando la captura lo permitió, se realizó un muestreo masivo de 100 ejemplares a los cuales se les midió la longitud de manto. Se definieron hasta tres grupos modales o cohortes en algunos de los meses estudiados a través de la técnica de distribución multinomial. De acuerdo con las fases de madurez se observó una amplia temporada de reproducción con dos picos importantes a lo largo del año que coincidieron con las posibles fechas de nacimiento estimadas para las tallas promedio por cada cohorte de acuerdo a la ecuación de edad-longitud usada en el presente estudio (abril – agosto y octubre - febrero). Se estimó la talla promedio de primera madurez por sexo a través de modelos logísticos; los machos maduran a tallas más pequeñas que las hembras aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las tallas promedio de madurez por sexo (P > 0.05). Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de la existencia de múltiples cohortes de calamar gigante en el Golfo de California, dos periodos de eclosión importantes y el número de cohortes presenta variación interanual. Esto sugiere la necesidad de un monitoreo constante del recurso para un mejor manejo de la pesquería. Size distribution and reproductive condition of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (D´Orbigny, 1835) in the Gulf of California Variations in size frequency distribution, number of cohorts, and reproductive status of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas were analyzed in samples from seven research oceanographic cruises in the central region of the Gulf of California, Mexico from 1997 to 2008. In each station we recorded sex, gonadic phase and mantle lenght for up to 25 squids. When possible, mantle length was measured for 100 squids. We defined up to three modal groups or cohorts for several months through a multinomial distribution analysis. According to the reproductive status, squids showed a long breeding season throughout the year with two major peaks that match the birth dates estimated by the age-length chart (April to August and October to February). The size at first maturity was estimated by genders; although males were mature at a smaller size than females, no significant differences between were detected. Our results suggest that size frequency distribution and reproductive condition of jumbo squid support the hypothesis of the presence of multiple cohort in the Gulf of California, two important periods of birth, and the number of cohort’s present variation, suggesting the need for a constant monitoring of the resource for a better management of the fishery.

scholarly journals Long-term erosion of the Nepal Himalayas by bedrock landsliding: the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odin Marc ◽  
Robert Behling ◽  
Christoff Andermann ◽  
Jens M. Turowski ◽  
Luc Illien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Mountain Belts

Abstract. In active mountain belts with steep terrain, bedrock landsliding is a major erosional agent. In the Himalayas, landsliding is driven by annual hydro-meteorological forcing due to the summer monsoon and by rarer, exceptional events, such as earthquakes. Independent methods yield erosion rate estimates that appear to increase with sampling time, suggesting that rare, high-magnitude erosion events dominate the erosional budget. Nevertheless, until now, neither the contribution of monsoon and earthquakes to landslide erosion nor the proportion of erosion due to rare, giant landslides have been quantified in the Himalayas. We address these challenges by combining and analysing earthquake- and monsoon-induced landslide inventories across different timescales. With time series of 5 m satellite images over four main valleys in central Nepal, we comprehensively mapped landslides caused by the monsoon from 2010 to 2018. We found no clear correlation between monsoon properties and landsliding and a similar mean landsliding rate for all valleys, except in 2015, where the valleys affected by the earthquake featured ∼5–8 times more landsliding than the pre-earthquake mean rate. The long-term size–frequency distribution of monsoon-induced landsliding (MIL) was derived from these inventories and from an inventory of landslides larger than ∼0.1 km2 that occurred between 1972 and 2014. Using a published landslide inventory for the Gorkha 2015 earthquake, we derive the size–frequency distribution for earthquake-induced landsliding (EQIL). These two distributions are dominated by infrequent, large and giant landslides but under-predict an estimated Holocene frequency of giant landslides (> 1 km3) which we derived from a literature compilation. This discrepancy can be resolved when modelling the effect of a full distribution of earthquakes of variable magnitude and when considering that a shallower earthquake may cause larger landslides. In this case, EQIL and MIL contribute about equally to a total long-term erosion of ∼2±0.75 mm yr−1 in agreement with most thermo-chronological data. Independently of the specific total and relative erosion rates, the heavy-tailed size–frequency distribution from MIL and EQIL and the very large maximal landslide size in the Himalayas indicate that mean landslide erosion rates increase with sampling time, as has been observed for independent erosion estimates. Further, we find that the sampling timescale required to adequately capture the frequency of the largest landslides, which is necessary for deriving long-term mean erosion rates, is often much longer than the averaging time of cosmogenic 10Be methods. This observation presents a strong caveat when interpreting spatial or temporal variability in erosion rates from this method. Thus, in areas where a very large, rare landslide contributes heavily to long-term erosion (as the Himalayas), we recommend 10Be sample in catchments with source areas > 10 000 km2 to reduce the method mean bias to below ∼20 % of the long-term erosion.

scholarly journals 2.2.2 The Size Frequency Distribution and Rate of Production of Microcraters

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 227-231
Author(s):  
D. A. Morrison ◽  
E. Zinner
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Submicron Particle ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Crater Size ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Micron Diameter

AbstractCrater size frequency distributions vary to a degree which probably cannot be explained by variations in lunar surface orientation of the crater detectors or changes in micrometeoroid flux. Questions of sample representativity suggest that high ratios of small to large craters of micrometeoroids (e.g., a million 1.0 micron craters for each 500 micron crater) should be the most reliable. We obtain a flux for particles producing 0.1 micron diameter craters of approximately 300 per cm2 per steradian per year. We observe no anisotropy in the submicron particle flux between the plane of the ecliptic and the normal in the direction of lunar north. No change in flux over a 106 year period is indicated by our data.

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