scholarly journals Sensorimotor Gating and Thought Disturbance Measured in Close Temporal Proximity in Schizophrenic Patients

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Perry ◽  
Mark A. Geyer ◽  
David L. Braff
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Thought Disturbance ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Come on Over: Analyst/Investor Days as a Disclosure Medium

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1725-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus P. Kirk ◽  
Stanimir Markov
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Price Impact ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Conference Presentations ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT Our study introduces analyst/investor days, a new disclosure medium that allows for private interactions with influential market participants. We also highlight interdependencies in the choice and information content of analyst/investor days and conference presentations, a well-researched disclosure medium that similarly allows for private interactions. Analyst/investor days are less frequent, but with longer duration and greater price impact than conference presentations. They are mostly hosted by firms that already have opportunities to interact with investors at conferences, but whose complex and diverse activities make the short duration and rigid format of a conference presentation an imperfect solution to these firms' information problems. Analyst/investor days and conference presentations tend to occur in different quarters, consistent with their competing for the time and attention of senior management. When these two mediums are scheduled in close temporal proximity to each other, analyst/investor days diminish the information content of conference presentations, but not vice versa, consistent with managers' favoring analyst/investor days over conference presentations as a disclosure medium. JEL Classifications: D82; M41; G11; G12; G14. Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper.

Sensorimotor Gating and Habituation of the Startle Response in Schizophrenic Patients Randomly Treated With Amisulpride or Olanzapine

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 536-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris B. Quednow ◽  
Michael Wagner ◽  
Jens Westheide ◽  
Katrin Beckmann ◽  
Niclaas Bliesener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Startle Response ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Some reasons why successive single word utterances are not

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Branigan
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Contour ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

ABSTRACTTwo suprasegmental characteristics of three children's single-word, successive single-word and multiple-word utterances were examined spectrographically. The location of terminal pitch contour and the duration of words were compared across the three utterance types. It was found that successive single-word utterances shared suprasegmental patterns, on these dimensions, with multiple-word forms but not with single words. It is argued that successive single-word utterances are not simply single words uttered in close temporal proximity. Further, an account of the underlying organization of successive utterances is proposed.

scholarly journals A semantic account of mirative evidentials

2015 ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Jessica Rett ◽  
Sarah Murray
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Speech Event ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity ◽  
Issue Content

Many if not all evidential languages have a mirative evidential: an indirect evidential that can, in some contexts, mark mirativity (the expression of speaker surprise) instead of indirect evidence. We address several questions posed by this systematic polysemy: What is the affinity between indirect evidence and speaker surprise? What conditions the two interpretations? And how do mirative evidentials relate to other mirative markers? We propose a unified analysis of mirative evidentials where indirect evidentiality and mirativity involve a common epistemic component. A mirative interpretation requires a close temporal proximity between the speech event and the event of the speaker's learning the at-issue content.

Attention Limitations in the Detection and Identification of Alarms in Close Temporal Proximity

2022 ◽  
pp. 001872082110639
Author(s):  
Yuzhi Wan ◽  
Nadine Sarter
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Coupled Systems ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Package Delivery ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Objective The aim of this study was to establish the effects of simultaneous and asynchronous masking on the detection and identification of visual and auditory alarms in close temporal proximity. Background In complex and highly coupled systems, malfunctions can trigger numerous alarms within a short period of time. During such alarm floods, operators may fail to detect and identify alarms due to asynchronous and simultaneous masking. To date, the effects of masking on detection and identification have been studied almost exclusively for two alarms during single-task performance. This research examines 1) how masking affects alarm detection and identification in multitask environments and 2) whether those effects increase as a function of the number of alarms. Method Two experiments were conducted using a simulation of a drone-based package delivery service. Participants were required to ensure package delivery and respond to visual and auditory alarms associated with eight drones. The alarms were presented at various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). The dependent measures included alarm detection rate, identification accuracy, and response time. Results Masking was observed intramodally and cross-modally for visual and auditory alarms. The SOAs at which asynchronous masking occurred were longer than reported in basic research on masking. The effects of asynchronous and, even more so, simultaneous masking became stronger as the number of alarms increased. Conclusion Masking can lead to breakdowns in the detection and identification of alarms in close temporal proximity in complex data-rich domains. Application The findings from this research provide guidance for the design of alarm systems.

The Effects of Masking on the Detection of Alarms in Close Temporal Proximity

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1545-1546
Author(s):  
Yuzhi Wan ◽  
Nadine Sarter
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Package Delivery ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Single Versus ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

In many complex data-rich domains, safety is highly dependent on the timely and reliable detection and identification of alarms. However, due to the coupling and complexity of systems in these environments, large numbers of alarms can occur within a short period of time – a problem called an alarm flood (Perrow, 2011). Alarm floods have been defined as more than 10 alarms in a 10-minute period (EEMUA, 1999); however, this rate is often exceeded which can lead to operators missing or misinterpreting critical alarms and, as a result, system failures and accidents. Various types of masking effects may account for observed failures to detect and identify alarms during an alarm flood. Masking occurs when one stimulus is obscured by the presence of another stimulus that appears either simultaneously or in close temporal proximity (Enns & Di Lollo V, 2000). One example of masking is an attentional blink, where the second of two stimuli is missed when presented in close temporal proximity to a preceding stimulus (Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992). To date, attentional blinks have been studied almost exclusively in the context of two target stimuli of very short duration (less than 100ms) and in simple single-task conditions. These experiments suggest that the phenomenon occurs when two stimuli are separated by 200-600ms. However, there is limited empirical evidence (e.g., Ferris et al., 2006) that, in more complex and demanding task environments, detection performance suffers even with a longer stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). To better predict and prevent the occurrence of attentional blinks in alarm floods, the current study aimed to establish the SOA range that results in missed signals in the context of multiple visual and auditory alarms in a multi-task environment. The participants in this study were 26 students from the University of Michigan (age: 20-30 years old). The experiment was conducted using a simulation of an automated package delivery system. Participants were required to monitor the performance of eight delivery drones and perform two tasks: (1) search and confirm that a delivery pad was present before agreeing to package delivery; (2) detect and respond to visual alarms and auditory alarms associated with the various drones. Visual alarms took the form of a number presented in the center of the screen that identified the affected drone; auditory alarms used synthesized speech to present the drone number. Participants had to acknowledge the alarm as quickly as possible by pressing a button adjacent to the drone window. Both visual and auditory alarms lasted 200ms. Crossmodal matching was performed to ensure that the perceived intensity of signals in the two modalities was the same for each individual (see Pitts, Riggs, & Sarter, 2016). Alarms appeared either by themselves (single alarms) or in close temporal proximity of another alarm (alarm pairs). Each experiment scenario was 30 minutes long and included 40 single alarms and 40 alarm pairs. In addition, a 3-minute alarm flood was included in each scenario, consisting of 30 single alarms and 30 alarm pairs. The experiment employed a 5×4 full factorial design. The two independent variables, both varied within subjects, were SOA (200, 600, 800, 1000, 1200ms) and modality pairs (all four combinations of visual and auditory alarms). The dependent measures in this study were detection rate, accuracy of identification, and response time. The detection rate for visual alarms was lower when the alarm was the second in an alarm pair, compared to single visual alarms (89.9% vs. 93.9%; X2 (2, N = 22) = 6.874, p < .01). This effect was independent of the modality of the first alarm and strongest with an SOA of 1000ms. No difference was observed for the detection of single versus paired auditory alarms. Identification accuracy for visual alarms was also significantly lower when the alarm appeared second in a pair, compared to single visual alarms (86.0% vs. 94.0%; X2 (2, N = 22) = 6.007, p = .05). This effect was also independent of the modality of the first alarm, but found only with SOAs of 600, 1000, or 1200ms. Also, no significant difference in accuracy was found for single versus paired auditory alarms. Finally, response times were significantly faster during alarm floods, compared to single alarms or alarm pairs (2160ms vs. 2318ms; F (1, 21) = 6.284, p = .001). Response times to visual and auditory alarms did not differ significantly during alarm floods. In summary, in this experiment, alarm detection and identification suffered when a visual (but not an auditory) alarm was preceded by another visual or auditory alarm. This performance decrement was observed at longer SOAs than reported in earlier single-task studies. This finding may be explained, in part, by the competing visual (but not auditory) demands imposed by the required response to the alarms. Performance during alarm floods was comparable, and even improved in terms of response times, compared to single alarms and alarm pairs. This finding may be explained by the Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908) which describes that performance improves with physiological or mental arousal, up to a point, and then decreases again when arousal increases further. Another possible explanation is that participants invested more effort during alarm floods. The findings from this study add to the knowledge base in attention and alarm design. They highlight the importance of examining attentional phenomena in applied settings to be able to predict and counter performance breakdowns that may be experienced by operators engaged in multitasking in complex data-rich environments.

Haloperidol-Induced Changes in Blink Rates Correlate with Changes in BPRS Score

1982 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig N. Karson ◽  
Llewellyn B. Bigelow ◽  
Joel E. Kleinman ◽  
Daniel R. Weinberger ◽  
Richard Jed Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Thought Disturbance ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Relationship

SummarySpontaneous eye blink rates, psychiatric symptoms and response to neuroleptic medication may all be mediated by dopamine. Fixed doses of haloperidol, a dopamine blocking agent, were administered for six weeks to 17 chronic schizophrenic patients who had been previously withdrawn from all medications. The change in blink rates caused by haloperidol corresponded to a change in the thought disturbance syndrome which measures positive symptoms (r =.48, P <.05). The relationship was particularly clear in patients with normal cerebral ventricles (r =.74, P <.01).

Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls III : the Pre-Laying Period

Behaviour ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Nest Building ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Brood Patch ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Nesting Behaviour ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Natural Situation ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Abstract(I) Elements of incubation behaviour and nest-building behaviour that are performed by Black-headed Gulls in the pre-laying period are described as they appear in the natural situation and when a model egg is placed in the nest. (2) Quantitative material is presented and shows the following:- (a) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, the proportion of complete settlings, the proportion of relatively long combinations of pre-settling movements, and the frequency of sideways-building all increase steadily as the date of laying draws closer. This is not true for time spent by partners together on the territory or the frequency of collecting trips. (b) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building vary together to significant extents; this is at least partly a result of common correlation with the passing of time. Settling and sideways-building, however, remain highly significantly correlated after the effects of common correlation with all other variables are eliminated. (c) Performances of settling and sideways-building tend to occur in close temporal proximity to each other. (d) Comparison with the behaviour in the natural situation shows that presence of an egg in the pre-laying period depresses the amount of time spent on the territory somewhat but increases the amount of time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building. Frequency of collecting trips and amounts of time partners were together on the territory were not affected by presence of the model egg. Presence of an egg in the nest is almost a necessary condition for performance of shifting and quivering in the pre-laying period. (e) Most collecting trips are performed when the partners are together on the territory. This is not true for settling or sideways-building. (f) Males perform more settlings, more sideways-building movements, more collecting trips, and spend more time sitting in the nest than females but the partners spend more or less equal amounts of time on the territory. (g) The evidence suggests that sideways-building has more causal affinity with settling and sitting in the nest than with collecting trips. (3) A sample of brood-patch and gonad measurements from birds found at different stages of the pre-laying period indicate that, in both males and females, defeathering of the brood patches begins some time before eggs are laid, and that changes in these structures may develop parallel with, and be implicated in, the changes in sitting and nesting behaviour in the pre-laying period.

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