scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of RNA Content in the Brain of Five Different Vertebrate Species – Pisces, Amphibian, Reptile, Avian and Mammalian Families

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Rajesh B ◽  
Ramesh B ◽  
Rajkiranreddy B ◽  
Vimaladevi N ◽  
Gayathri Kb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Rna Content ◽  
The Brain

Activity-Related Calcium Dynamics in Motoneurons of the Nucleus Hypoglossus From Mouse

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 2936-2946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario B. Lips ◽  
Bernhard U. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Calcium Transients ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
The Brain

A quantitative analysis of activity-related calcium dynamics was performed in motoneurons of the nucleus hypoglossus in the brain stem slice preparation from mouse by simultaneous patch-clamp and microfluorometric calcium measurements. Motoneurons were analyzed under in vitro conditions that kept them in a functionally intact state represented by rhythmic, inspiratory-related bursts of excitatory postsynaptic currents and associated action potential discharges. Bursts of electrical activity were paralleled by somatic calcium transients resulting from calcium influx through voltage-activated calcium channels, where each action potential accounted for a calcium-mediated charge influx around 2 pC into the somatic compartment. Under in vivo conditions, rhythmic-respiratory activity in young mice occurred at frequencies up to 5 Hz, demonstrating the necessity for rapid calcium elevation and recovery in respiratory-related neurons. The quantitative analysis of hypoglossal calcium homeostasis identified an average extrusion rate, but an exceptionally low endogenous calcium binding capacity as cellular parameters accounting for rapid calcium signaling. Our results suggest that dynamics of somatic calcium transients 1) define an upper limit for the maximum frequency of respiratory-related burst discharges and 2) represent a potentially dangerous determinant of intracellular calcium profiles during pathophysiological and/or excitotoxic conditions.

The fallacy of biphasic growth allometry for the vertebrate brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary C Packard
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The concept of biphasic, loglinear growth of the vertebrate brain is based on graphical displays of logarithmic transformations of the original measurements. Such displays commonly give the appearance of two distinct mathematical distributions – one set of observations following a steep trajectory at the low end of the size range and another set following a shallow trajectory at the high end. However, the appearance of two distributions is an artefact resulting from the logarithmic transformations. Observations of brain mass vs. body mass in each of the eight vertebrate species examined in the current investigation conform to a single mathematical distribution that is well described by a single equation fitted to the original, untransformed data by non-linear regression. Data for carp, chickens, kangaroos and rabbits are described by three-parameter power equations whereas those for dolphins and primates are described by exponential functions that rise rapidly to a maximum. The brain continues to grow throughout life in carp, chickens, kangaroos and rabbits but not in dolphins and primates. Future investigations of relative growth of the brain should be based on graphical and analytical study of observations expressed on the native mathematical scale.

scholarly journals Does radiation therapy increase gadolinium accumulation in the brain?: Quantitative analysis of T1 shortening using R1 relaxometry in glioblastoma multiforme patients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0192838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Hyeon Lim ◽  
Seung Hong Choi ◽  
Roh-Eul Yoo ◽  
Koung Mi Kang ◽  
Tae Jin Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
The Brain

Generating and Using Transcriptomically Based Retinal Cell Atlases

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Shekhar ◽  
Joshua R. Sanes
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Brain

It has been known for over a century that the basic organization of the retina is conserved across vertebrates. It has been equally clear that retinal cells can be classified into numerous types, but only recently have methods been devised to explore this diversity in unbiased, scalable, and comprehensive ways. Advances in high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) have played a pivotal role in this effort. In this article, we outline the experimental and computational components of scRNA-seq and review studies that have used them to generate retinal atlases of cell types in several vertebrate species. These atlases have enabled studies of retinal development, responses of retinal cells to injury, expression patterns of genes implicated in retinal disease, and the evolution of cell types. Recently, the inquiry has expanded to include the entire eye and visual centers in the brain. These studies have enhanced our understanding of retinal function and dysfunction and provided tools and insights for exploring neural diversity throughout the brain. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Regional Diversity in the Postsynaptic Proteome of the Mouse Brain

Proteomes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Roy ◽  
Oksana Sorokina ◽  
Colin McLean ◽  
Silvia Tapia-González ◽  
Javier DeFelipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Protein Interaction Networks ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Disease Protein ◽  
The Brain

The proteome of the postsynaptic terminal of excitatory synapses comprises over one thousand proteins in vertebrate species and plays a central role in behavior and brain disease. The brain is organized into anatomically distinct regions and whether the synapse proteome differs across these regions is poorly understood. Postsynaptic proteomes were isolated from seven forebrain and hindbrain regions in mice and their composition determined using proteomic mass spectrometry. Seventy-four percent of proteins showed differential expression and each region displayed a unique compositional signature. These signatures correlated with the anatomical divisions of the brain and their embryological origins. Biochemical pathways controlling plasticity and disease, protein interaction networks and individual proteins involved with cognition all showed differential regional expression. Combining proteomic and connectomic data shows that interconnected regions have specific proteome signatures. Diversity in synapse proteome composition is key feature of mouse and human brain structure.

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