scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF FORCES ON PILES

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Morison ◽  
J. W. Johnson ◽  
M. P. O'Brien

In the design of a pile structure exposed to surface waves of a given height and period, some of the factors involved in the problem and studied herein are the size, shape and spacing of the piles and the moment distribution on uniform and non-uniform piles. Theoretical and experimental investigations have shown that the force exerted by surface waves on a pile consists of two components — a drag force and an inertia force. The drag force is proportional to the fluid density, the projected area and the square of the fluid particle velocity. The inertia force, including the virtual mass, is proportional to the fluid density, the volume of the object and the fluid particle acceleration. The virtual mass is the apparent increase of the displaced mass of fluid necessary to account for the increase in force resulting from the acceleration of the fluid relative to the object. This factor is included in the coefficient of mass term in the force calculations.

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Stanislaw R. Massel ◽  
Piotr Butowski

Rubble - mound breakwaters are designed to protect exposed marine areas from excessive wave activity. The resulting interaction of the incident waves with the rubble units is extremely complex due to the variable reflective and frietional properties of the permeable structure. In the past decade considerable effort has been expended to derive rational methods for of such type structure. The theoretical and experimental investigations have been focused especoialy on the prediction of the reflection and transmission of regular waves incident to breakwater. Sollitt and Cross /^^^Z/ presented the analytical approach to the problem based on the assumption that the original nonlinear governing equation of the wave motion into porous media may be replaced by a linear one so as to give the same average rate of dissipation/Lorentz approximation/. Under the assumption that severe wave conditions for most breakwaters correspond to relatively long waves, the considerably simple solutions were developed by Kondo and Toma /1972/ and in series of papers by Madsen and co-authors /\97k, 1977, 1978/. Madsen s solutions follows rather a physical than mathematical rigorous approach to the problem. The momentum equation evaluated him explains the influence of the inertia force associated with the unsteady flow around the solid particles. Very careful analytical examination of this problem for the long waves past the narrow gaps and holes has been presented by Mei at al. /197**/. The study indicate that apparent mass term can be ignored in most practical cases.


Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Neganov ◽  
◽  
Victor M. Varshitsky ◽  
Andrey A. Belkin ◽  
◽  
...  

The article contains the comparative results of the experimental and calculated research of the strength of a pipeline with such defects as “metal loss” and “dent with groove”. Two coils with diameter of 820 mm and the thickness of 9 mm of 19G steel were used for full-scale pipe sample production. One of the coils was intentionally damaged by machining, which resulted in “metal loss” defect, the other one was dented (by press machine) and got groove mark (by chisel). The testing of pipe samples was performed by applying static internal pressure to the moment of collapse. The calculation of deterioration pressure was carried out with the use of national and foreign methodical approaches. The calculated values of collapsing pressure for the pipe with loss of metal mainly coincided with the calculation experiment results based on Russian method and ASME B31G. In case of pipe with dent and groove the calculated value of collapsing pressure demonstrated greater coincidence with Russian method and to a lesser extent with API 579/ASME FFS-1. In whole, all calculation methods demonstrate sufficient stability of results, which provides reliable operation of pipelines with defects.


Author(s):  
Parviz Enany ◽  
Oleksandr Shevchenko ◽  
Carsten Drebenstedt

AbstractThis paper presents experimental studies on the optimization of air–water flow in an airlift pump. Airlift pumps use compressed gas to verticall transport liquids and slurries. Due to the lack of theoretical equations for designing and predicting flow regimes, experimental investigations must be carried out to find the best condition to operate an airlift pump at high efficiency. We used a new air injection system and different submergence ratios to evaluate the output of a simple pump for vertical displacement of water in an underground mine. The tests were carried out in a new device with 5.64 m height and 10.2 cm circular riser pipe. Three air-jacket pipes, at different gas flows in the range of 0.002–0.09 m3/s were investigated with eight submergence ratios. It was found that with the same air flow rate, the most efficient flow of water was achieved when an air jacket with 3 mm diameter holes was used with a submergence ratio between 0.6 and 0.75. In addition, a comparison of practical results with two theoretical models proposed by other investigators showed that neither was able to accurately predict airlift performance in air–water flow mode.


Author(s):  
L. Gaul

Abstract Calculation of the dynamic response of sensitive structures like foundations for vibrating machinery requires to take the interaction with subsoil into account. Structures and soil are discretized by boundary elements and coupled by a substructure technique. Viscoelastic constitutive equations contain fractional time derivatives. Surface waves generated by machine foundations and diffracted by embedded structures and soil inhomogeneities are analyzed by conventional and optoelectronic experimental techniques and calculated by the boundary element method (BEM).


Author(s):  
Екатерина Александровна Витоженц ◽  
Александр Викторович Кобелев

Предложен новый способ контроля введения инъекционной иглы в просвет вены на основе измерений электрического импеданса с помощью смешанной системы электродов, состоящей из биполярного и тетраполярного звеньев. Исследованы альтернативные схемы расположения электродов при проведении контроля венозной пункции биоимпедансным методом - они имеют более сложную конструкцию, используют дорогостоящие специализированные коаксиальные иглы, не позволяют однозначно определить факт прокола стенки венозного сосуда, нуждаются в дополнительной фильтрации регистрируемого сигнала с целью корректной интерпретации результата. Эффективность предложенной методики проверялась в ходе экспериментальных исследований на 5 добровольцах. Результаты экспериментов позволили идентифицировать 4 стадии нахождения инъекционной иглы относительно верхней конечности: нет касания, касание кожного покрова, нахождение под кожей коже, попадание в просвет вены. Идентификация положений инъекционной иглы происходит в реальном времени без дополнительной фильтрации регистрируемого сигнала. Метод позволяет обнаружить момент прокола стенки венозного сосуда стандартной инъекционной иглой, что в дальнейшем позволит сэкономить на изготовлении специализированных многослойных игольчатых электродов и внедрить данный способ контроля за проведением венепункции в медицинскую практику. Дальнейшее развитие предложенного подхода предполагает идентификацию двойного прокола вены, дифференцирование типа ткани в процессе введения иглы и исследование возможности определения типа кровеносного сосуда A new method for controlling the penetration of an injection needle into the vein based on measurements of electrical impedance using a mixed system of electrodes consisting of bipolar and tetrapolar parts is proposed. Alternative schemes for the arrangement of electrodes for monitoring venous puncture using the bioimpedance method have been investigated - they have a more complex design, use expensive specialized coaxial needles, do not allow to unambiguously determine the fact of a puncture of the venous vessel wall, require additional filtering of the recorded signal in order to correctly interpret the result. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was tested in experimental studies on 5 volunteers. The results of the experiments made it possible to identify 4 stages of finding the injection needle relative to the upper limb: no touching, touching the skin, being under the skin of the skin, getting into the lumen of the vein. Identification of the positions of the injection needle occurs in real time without additional filtering of the recorded signal. The method allows detecting the moment of puncture of the wall of a venous vessel with a standard injection needle, which in the future will save on the manufacture of specialized multilayer needle electrodes and introduce this method of monitoring venipuncture into medical practice. Further development of the proposed approach involves the identification of a double vein puncture, differentiation of tissue type during needle insertion, and investigation of the possibility of determining the type of blood vessel


2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 2386-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Liu ◽  
Shan Cao ◽  
Shuliang Cao

Purpose The modeling of interphase forces plays a significant role in the numerical simulation of gas–liquid flow in a rotodynamic multiphase pump, which deserves detailed study. Design/methodology/approach Numerical analysis is conducted to estimate the influence of interphase forces, including drag force, lift force, virtual mass force, wall lubrication force and turbulent dispersion force. Findings The results show that the magnitude of the interphase forces can be sorted by: drag force > virtual mass force > lift force > turbulent dispersion force > wall lubrication force. The relations between interphase forces and velocity difference of gas–liquid flow and also the interphase forces and gas volume fraction are revealed. The distribution characteristics of interphase forces in the passages from impeller inlet to diffuser outlet are illustrated and analyzed. According to the results, apart from the drag force, the virtual mass force, lift force and turbulent dispersion force are required, whereas wall lubrication force can be neglected for numerical simulation of gas–liquid flow in a rotodynamic multiphase pump. Compared with the conventional numerical method which considers drag force only, the relative errors of predicted pressure rise and efficiency based on the proposed numerical method in account of four major forces can be reduced by 4.95 per cent and 3.00 per cent, respectively. Originality value The numerical analysis reveals the magnitude and distribution of interphase forces inside multiphase pump, which is meaningful for the simulation and design of multiphase pump.


Author(s):  
І. О. Іванов ◽  
Н. П. Супрун ◽  
Ю. О. Ващенко

Investigation of the influence of the peculiarities of raw material composition and structure of traditional and innovative linen textile materials on their hygienic properties. Theoretical and experimental investigations are based on the main positions of textile materials science. In experimental studies, modern standardized methods for determining the hygienic properties of textile materials were used, as well as techniques specially developed taking into account the peculiarities of the operating conditions of underwear. The peculiarities of the operating conditions and the basic functions of hospital underwear were determined. The comparative analysis of hygienic properties of traditional and modern fabrics for underwear was carried out. Using the standardized and the developed methods, adapted to the peculiarities of the conditions of use of the products, the indicators characterizing the processes of water absorption of the materials were experimentally determined. On the basis of the obtained values of quality indicators, a comprehensive assessment of the ability of materials to transfer moisture and air, with the calculation of the arithmetic complex quality index was done. This allowed to determine the material that is optimal in properties, which provides thermophysiological comfort when operating hospital underwear. Using the developed methods, which take into account the specifics of the operating conditions, a comparative analysis of the hygienic properties of traditional and innovative materials for underwear was carried out. A new range of textile materials for underwear has been proposed, taking into account the peculiarities of the operational situation of consumption.


2021 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
D. N. Shabanov ◽  
E. Trambitsky ◽  
E. Borovkova

This article describes the structural studies of a cement conglomerate, its evolution from the moment of formation to the loss of operational properties. Physical and chemical phenomena and interactions of various elements of cement stone are considered. The study of its rheology includes creating a virtual model and monitoring the formation of the structure of cement pastes by acoustic emission (AE). The results of combined experimental studies to determine the residual life of cement stone samples using AE and tensometry methods are presented. The authors created a complex for monitoring the stress-strain state of artificial conglomerates, which includes both internal and acoustic sensors.


Author(s):  
Anton А. Artamonov ◽  
Еvgeny Plotnikov

The paper addresses physics of thermodynamic fluctuations in temperature and energy. These fluctuations are interrelated and, hence, can affect various micro- and macro systems. It is shown that the thermodynamic uncertainty relation must be taken into account in the physics of superconductivity, in quantum computations and other branches of science, where temperature and energy fluctuations play a critical role. One of the most important applications of quantum thermodynamics is quantum computers. It is assumed that in the near future the state structures will create a specific quantum cryptocurrency obtained using quantum computing. The quantum cryptocurrency exhibits two main features: the maximum reliability (quantum protection against hacking threats) and the possibility of state control (at the moment, only large scientific state centers have quantum computers). The paper reviews the studies aimed to theoretically prove the validity of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation. This relation connects fluctuations in temperature and energy of a system. Other similar relations are considered, including the relationship between fluctuations in pressure and volume, in entropy and temperature, and others. The main purpose of the paper is to validate the thermodynamic analogue of the uncertainty relation that interconnects temperature and energy fluctuations. Experimental data was obtained on the basis of the study of the transport properties of semiconductor devices – transistors. In the experiment, the transport properties of a pair of semiconductor transistors placed on a single silicon crystal were studied. In this system, one transistor was used to determine temperature fluctuations, and the other one was employed to estimate energy fluctuations. The key role of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation in modern thermodynamics has been clarified. The performed experimental studies confirm the validity of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-703
Author(s):  
Maheswari Chennippan ◽  
Priyanka E. Bhaskaran ◽  
Thangavel Subramaniam ◽  
Balasubramaniam Meenakshipriya ◽  
Kasilingam Krishnamurthy ◽  
...  

This paper aims to explore experimental studies on the NOx removal process by using pilot plant packed column experimental hardware. Physical modeling based on chemical absorption equations is used to estimate the diameter concerning the height and L/G ratio. Hydrogen peroxide is used as the additive for achieving high NOx removal efficiency. The absorbent entering into the packed column has been controlled by varying its flow rate through the fractional order controller. The FOCDM-PIλDµ controller tuning parameters such as KP, τI, τD are determined using CDM (Coefficient Diagram Method) PID control strategy and the additional parameters of FOCDM-PIλDµ controller such as λ and µ are determined based on the PSO algorithm. The comparative analysis is performed with classical controllers like ZN-PID along with the CDM-PID controllers.


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