scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR GRAVITY TYPE QUAY WALLS

2017 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Tugce Yuksel ◽  
Yalcin Yuksel ◽  
Busra Basaran ◽  
Esin Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vertical Wall ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Seismic Loading ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Seismic Loadings ◽  
Port Structures

Block type quay walls are widely used as port structures in the world. In this study three types of vertical block type quay walls with different block size exposed to seismic loading were investigated experimentally. The block ratios of Type I, Type II and III vertical wall models are B/h=2, 1.5 and 1.5 & H/h=6, 6 and 3, respectively. The tests were conducted in the shaking tank with different harmonic seismic loadings and the behaviors of these walls were investigated comparatively.

The Determination of Macrostresses (Type-I Stresses) and Microstresses (Type-Ii Stresses) by Neutron Diffraction

1994 ◽  
Vol 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Stress Fields ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

ABSTRACTNeutron diffraction has been used as tool for measuring stress fields (type-I stresses) and intergranular or microstresses (type-II stresses) for a decade. The experimental methods for measuring the two types of stresses are outlined. Emphasis is placed on maximizing the precision and accuracy of the measurements. Some serious sources of error in measurements near surfaces and some subtle wavelength effects are considered.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 1D hydraulic models for the simulation of mountain fluvial floods: a case study of the Santa Bárbara River in Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pinos ◽  
Luis Timbe ◽  
Edison Timbe
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Mike 11

Abstract River flooding is a key topic for water managers because of the social and economic losses it can cause. The complex topography and dynamics of mountain rivers has limited the analysis of their behavior during flood events (e.g., sediment transport, flooding). This study aims to test the performance of three hydraulic 1D models (HEC-RAS, MIKE 11, and Flood Modeller) to estimate inundation water levels for a mountain river. The evaluation of these models was performed considering steady state conditions through 10 scenarios, i.e. five discharge return periods, and two types of cross sections data: (a) type I, a detailed field survey complemented with information extracted from DEM, derived from LiDAR; and (b) type II, cross sections exclusively derived from the DEM. The research was conducted for a reach of 5 km of the Santa Bárbara River, with an average slope of 0.25%. HEC-RAS model results for cross sections type I, were previously validated and therefore used as reference for comparison between other models and scenarios. The goodness-of-fit between models was measured based on the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (EF). The main goal of the current study was to determine the variability of inundation level results compared with a validated model as reference, using the same input data for the three modeling packages. Our analysis shows that, when using cross section type I, the evaluated modeling packages yield similar results (EF were between 0.94 and 0.99). On the other hand, the goodness of fit decreased when using type II data, with an average EF of 0.98 (HEC-RAS), 0.88 (Flood Modeller) and 0.85 (MIKE 11) when compared to the reference model. The authors conclude that it is highly recommend for practitioners to use geometric data type I instead of type II in order to obtain similar performance in the tested models. Only HEC-RAS type II has the same performance as type I models (average EF of 0.98).

Recruitment of single muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1752-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Altenburg ◽  
H. Degens ◽  
W. van Mechelen ◽  
A. J. Sargeant ◽  
A. de Haan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

In literature, an inconsistency exists in the submaximal exercise intensity at which type II fibers are activated. In the present study, the recruitment of type I and II fibers was investigated from the very beginning and throughout a 45-min cycle exercise at 75% of the maximal oxygen uptake, which corresponded to 38% of the maximal dynamic muscle force. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken from six subjects at rest and during the exercise, two at each time point. From the first biopsy single fibers were isolated and characterized as type I and II, and phosphocreatine-to-creatine (PCr/Cr) ratios and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain intensities were measured. Cross sections were cut from the second biopsy, individual fibers were characterized as type I and II, and PAS stain intensities were measured. A decline in PCr/Cr ratio and in PAS stain intensity was used as indication of fiber recruitment. Within 1 min of exercise both type I and, although to a lesser extent, type II fibers were recruited. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio revealed that the same proportion of fibers was recruited during the whole 45 min of exercise, indicating a rather constant recruitment. The PAS staining, however, proved inadequate to fully demonstrate fiber recruitment even after 45 min of exercise. We conclude that during cycling exercise a greater proportion of type II fibers is recruited than previously reported for isometric contractions, probably because of the dynamic character of the exercise. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio method is more sensitive in determining fiber activation than the PAS stain intensity method.

X-ray structure determination of the monoclinic (121 K) and orthorhombic (85 K) phases of langbeinite-type dithallium dicadmium sulfate

2000 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Guelylah ◽  
G. Madariaga ◽  
W. Morgenroth ◽  
M. I. Aroyo ◽  
T. Breczewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthorhombic Symmetry ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Monoclinic Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Distortion Analysis ◽  
Precise Analysis ◽  
Monoclinic Distortion

The structures of the monoclinic and the orthorhombic phases of type I langbeinite Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 have been determined at 121 and 85 K, respectively, by X-ray diffraction. A precise analysis of these structures shows the existence of some differences compared to langbeinites of type II. The monoclinic structure differs very little from the high-temperature cubic structure and the distortion relating the monoclinic structure to the cubic one is very small. SO4 tetrahedra seem to rotate under orthorhombic symmetry in the monoclinic phase. A symmetry distortion analysis of the ferroelectric monoclinic distortion discloses the importance of the secondary modes with orthorhombic symmetry, especially for the O atoms of the SO4 groups.

Determination of Preferred Morphology of Self-Accommodating Martensite in Ti-Nb-Al Shape Memory Alloy Using Optical Microscopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 922 ◽  
pp. 260-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Ii ◽  
Masaki Tahara ◽  
Hideki Hosoda ◽  
Shuichi Miyazaki ◽  
Tomonari Inamura
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Forward Transformation

The preferred morphology of self-accommodation (SA) microstructure in a Ti-Nb-Al shape memory alloy was investigated by the evaluation of the frequency distribution of the habit plane variant (HPV) clusters using in-situ optical microscopy. The observed HPV clusters were classified into two different types; one is the cluster connected by the {111}o type I twin (Type I) and the other is connected by the <211>o type II twin (Type II). The total fractions of the Type I and Type II clusters were 52% and 48%, respectively. The incompatibility at junction planes (JPs) of the two clusters was almost the same among these clusters. However, most of the larger martensite plates (> 50μm) formed Type I cluster at the later stage of the reverse martensitic transformation, i.e., at the early stage of the forward transformation upon cooling. The ratio of the fraction of Type I and II is almost 2:1 at the early stage of the forward transformation.

Determination of type I receptor specificity by the type II receptors for TGF-beta or activin

Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 262 (5135) ◽  
pp. 900-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ebner ◽  
R. Chen ◽  
S Lawler ◽  
T Zioncheck ◽  
R Derynck
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Receptor Specificity

scholarly journals Identification of actin-, alpha-actinin-, and vinculin-containing plaques at the lateral membrane of epithelial cells.

1986 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1843-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Drenckhahn ◽  
H Franz
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Classical Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Prostatic Epithelium ◽  
Human Intestinal Epithelium

In this paper, a new type of spot desmosome-like junction (type II plaque) is described that is scattered along the entire lateral plasma membrane of rat and human intestinal epithelium. Ultrastructurally type II plaques differed from the classical type of epithelial spot desmosome ("macula adherens", further denoted as type I desmosome) by weak electron density of the membrane-associated plaque material, association of the plaques with microfilaments rather than intermediate filaments, and poorly visible material across the intercellular space. Thus, type II plaques resemble cross-sections of the zonula adherens. Immunofluorescence-microscopic studies were done using antibodies to a main protein associated with the plaques of type I desmosomes (desmoplakin I) and to the three major proteins located at the plaques of the zonula adherens (actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin). Two types of plaques were visualized along the lateral surface of intestinal and prostatic epithelium: (a) the type I desmosomes, which were labeled with anti-desmoplakin but did not bind antibodies to actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin, and (b) a further set of similarly sized plaques, which bound antibodies to actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin but were not stained with anti-desmoplakin. Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of serial sections double-labeled with anti-desmoplakin and anti-alpha-actinin further confirmed that both types of plaques are spatially completely separated from each other along the lateral plasma membrane. The computer graphs further revealed that the actin-, alpha-actinin-, and vinculin-containing plaques have the tendency to form clusters, a feature also typical of type II plaques. It is suggested that the type II plaques represent spot desmosome-like intercellular junctions, which, like the zonula adherens, appear to be linked to the actin filament system. As the type II plaques cover a considerable part of the lateral cell surface, they might play a particular role in controlling cellular shape and intercellular adhesion.

Cyclic pentapeptides as models for reverse turns: Determination of the equilibrium distribution between type I and type II conformations of Pro-Asn and Pro-Ala ?-turns

Biopolymers ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Stradley ◽  
Josep Rizo ◽  
Martha D. Bruch ◽  
Adam N. Stroup ◽  
Lila M. Gierasch
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii

scholarly journals Autoantibodies to 21-hydroxylase as a diagnostic marker of primary autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, including at its potential and latent stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Nuralieva ◽  
M. Yu. Yukina ◽  
E. A. Troshina ◽  
N. M. Malysheva ◽  
L. V. Nikankina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Syndrome Type ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome ◽  
Group 2

Rationale: In Russia, assessment of anti-P450c21 antibodies (AB) in the diagnosis of autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (AAI) has not been commonly used, and the disease screening has not been implemented.Aims: 1) To determine the sensitivity and specificity of anti-P450c21 AB determination in the AAI diagnosis; 2) To estimate the prevalence of anti-P450c21 AB carriage in patients without AAI.Materials and methods: Anti-P450c21 AB were assessed in 40 patients (group 1) with manifest AAI; 171 patients without established diagnosis of AAI, including 113 subjects with autoimmune thyroid disorders or type 1 diabetes mellitus (AID, group 2); 25 carriers of AB markers of thyroid AID and/or type 1 diabetes mellitus without any target organ dysfunctions (group 3); 33 patients with non-autoimmune endocrine disorders (group 4), and 25 healthy individuals (group 5).Results: Determination of anti-P450c21 AB for the diagnosis of AAI had 95% sensitivity, with specificity of 100%, predictive value of a positive result of 100%, and predictive value of a negative result 92.6%. Anti-P450c21 AB were inversely correlated with the duration of glucocorticoid replacement therapy (r = -0.222, p < 0.05). High levels of anti-P450c21 AB were found in 4 (3.5%) patients of group 2; based on the results of additional hormonal testing, 50% cases were diagnosed with the latent stage of the disease and 50% cases with the potential stage.Discussion: The sensitivity of the anti-P450c21 AB determination for AAI diagnosis in our study was higher, than in the works by other authors. We have confirmed a time-related reduction of anti-P450c21 AB levels, whereby the strength of the correlation was higher in the subgroups with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II and, to a greater extent, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. This might be related to their different pathogenesis, with an abnormality of central immune tolerance in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I and that of peripheral immune tolerance in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II. According to our data, in 50% of cases, the development of AAI was preceded by the manifestation of other AIDs (in 15% of cases being multiple). Among all patients with no AAI diagnosis at the study entry, increased anti- P450c21 AB levels were found exactly in those with pre-existing AID. Thus, we have confirmed the feasibility of AAI screening primarily in a cohort of patients with other AID (especially multiple) belonging to the risk group.Conclusion: The determination of blood anti-P450c21 AB is a highly sensitive and highly specific method to diagnose AAI. The frequency of anti-P450c21 AB detection might depend on the duration of glucocorticoid treatment. Screening for early AAI stages is relevant primarily in the risk groups with multiple autoimmune disorders.

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