scholarly journals IMPROVED FORMULAS FOR ESTIMATING OFFSHORE WINDS

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
S.A. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The World ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
The U.S

Differences in onshore and offshore wind speeds have long been known to exist [see, e.g., (2), (15), (16)]. Marine meteorologists in the weather services are required to forecast offshore winds. Many studies related to coastal marine sciences and engineering require wind data or estimates for offshore regions. Yet in situ measurements over water are often lacking. Traditionally, wind measurements over land, preferably near coasts, have been used to estimate offshore winds. However, because simultaneous onshore and offshore observations do not always exist, systematic studies such as simple comparisons between these two environments are also lacking. Only recently the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) deployed a network of buoys for longer term measurements over the continental shelf as well as farther offshore. All of these buoys are located in or near U.S. coastal waters. However, there are still vast regions in other parts of the world where such a network does not exist.

scholarly journals Analysis of offshore wind farm located on Baltic Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01049
Author(s):  
Anna Sobotka ◽  
Kajetan Chmielewski ◽  
Marcin Rowicki ◽  
Justyna Dudzińska ◽  
Przemysław Janiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
The Baltic

Poland is currently at the beginning of the energy transformation. Nowadays, most of the electricity generated in Poland comes from coal combustion. However, in accordance to the European Union policy of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, there are already plans to switch to low-emission energy sources in Poland, one of which are offshore wind farms. The article presents the current regulatory environment of the offshore wind energy in Poland, along with a reference to Polish and European decarbonisation plans. In the further part of the article, the methods of determining the kinetic energy of wind and the power curve of a wind turbine are discussed. Then, on the basis of historical data of wind speeds collected in the area of the Baltic Sea, calculations are carried out leading to obtain statistical distributions of power that could be generated by an exemplary wind farm with a power capacity of 400 MW, located at the place of wind measurements. On their basis, statistical differences in the wind power generation between years, months of the year and hours of the day are analysed.

scholarly journals Dutch Offshore Wind Atlas Validation against Cabauw Meteomast Wind Measurements

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6558
Author(s):  
Steven Knoop ◽  
Pooja Ramakrishnan ◽  
Ine Wijnant
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Weather Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
Sea Wind ◽  
Global Datasets ◽  
Meteorological Institute

The Dutch Offshore Wind Atlas (DOWA) is validated against wind speed and direction measurements from the Cabauw meteorological mast for a 10-year period and at heights between 10 m and 200 m. The validation results are compared to the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) North Sea Wind (KNW) atlas. It is found that the average difference (bias) between DOWA wind speeds and those measured at Cabauw varies for the different heights between −0.1 m/s to 0.3 m/s. Significant differences between DOWA and KNW are only found at altitudes of 10 m and 20 m, where KNW performs better. For heights above 20 m, there is no significant difference between DOWA and KNW with respect to the 10-year averaged wind speed bias. The diurnal cycle is better captured by DOWA compared to KNW, and the hourly correlation is slightly improved. In addition, a comparison with the global European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalyses (used for KNW and DOWA, respectively) is made, highlighting the added skill provided by downscaling those global datasets with the weather model HARMONIE.

Case Studies From Implementation of the First Commercial Leasing Processes for Areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Under the U.S. Renewable Energy Regulations, 30 CFR 585

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Trager
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Regulatory Process ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Ocean Wind ◽  
The U.S

President Barack Obama announced on April 22, 2009 that the U.S. Interior Department (USDOI) had completed the Final Renewable Energy Framework or rulemaking process (i.e., regulations) to govern management of the Renewable Energy Program for the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) within USDOI is responsible for overseeing the implementation of this framework. It establishes a program to grant leases, easements, and rights-of-way for orderly, safe, and environmentally responsible renewable energy development activities, such as the siting and construction of offshore wind generating facilities on the OCS, as well as other forms of renewable energy such as wave, current, and solar. To date, five commercial wind energy leases have been issued for areas on the U.S. OCS and several other areas are at various stages in the process leading to leasing. The leases issued for two states in particular — Delaware and Virginia — help serve as case studies for how the U.S. regulatory process for ocean wind leasing operates. This paper will discuss the process by which these leases were issued and next steps, which will illustrate the implementation and best practices of the U.S. regulatory process for offshore wind leasing.

Comparison and Evaluation of in-situ Bio-Denitrification Systems for Nitrate Reduction in Groundwater

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Dahab
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Careful Management ◽  
The U.S

Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a growing problem in the U.S. and throughout the world. This paper examines the potential application of in-situ bio-denitrification to reduce nitrates in groundwater to an acceptable level as well as pertinent parameters that control the process. Results from laboratory experiments designed to simulate in-situ bio-denitrification using an aquifer model are compared to results of experiments reported in the literature. The results indicate that while denitrification can be effective in reducing nitrates in contaminated groundwater, serious aquifer plugging problems can be expected. Furthermore, the avoidance of the plugging problem requires that careful management schemes be implemented during in-situ treatment The results of field-scale experiments in Europe and other areas generally confirm the efficacy of bio-denitrification. However, aquifer plugging was not reported by some of these studies or appeared to be downgraded by others. In some cases, this problem was reported as having serious ramifications on the success or failure of bio-denitrification. In addition to aquifer plugging, other problems can be expected. These include residual organics and the presence of large bacterial counts in the treated water with subsequent potential effects on the water turbidity, disinfection requirements, and public health acceptability.

The Global Ocean Observing Component of IOOS: Implementation of the Initial Global Ocean Observing System for Climate and the Path Forward

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Levy ◽  
Derrick Snowden ◽  
Candyce Clark ◽  
Kathleen Crane ◽  
Howard J. Diamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Generation System ◽  
World Community ◽  
Design Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Ocean Observing ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe global ocean observing system for climate, which comprises the global in situ component of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, has now achieved about 61% of its initial design goal. Although this observing system, implemented cooperatively by over 70 countries worldwide, serves multiple applications, it is designed primarily to address climate requirements defined by the international Global Climate Observing System. The U.S. contribution to the system, described here, is implemented as an interdependent set of observational subsystems that constitute about half of the over 8,000 observing platforms deployed by the world community. Although much work remains to complete the initial global observing system, scientific advances of the past decade have identified the need to deploy a second-generation system that integrates biogeochemical and ecological observations with the primarily physical and carbon-related oceanographic observations that form the backbone of the initial observing system.

scholarly journals Assessing the exposure of three diving bird species to offshore wind areas on the U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf using satellite telemetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1703-1714
Author(s):  
Iain J. Stenhouse ◽  
Alicia M. Berlin ◽  
Andrew T. Gilbert ◽  
M. Wing Goodale ◽  
Carrie E. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Satellite Telemetry ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
Diving Bird ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Occurrence of Low-Level Jets over the Eastern U.S. Coastal Zone at Heights Relevant to Wind Energy

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Jeanie A. Aird ◽  
Rebecca J. Barthelmie ◽  
Tristan J. Shepherd ◽  
Sara C. Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
The U.S

Two years of high-resolution simulations conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are used to characterize the frequency, intensity and height of low-level jets (LLJ) over the U.S. Atlantic coastal zone. Meteorological conditions and the occurrence and characteristics of LLJs are described for (i) the centroids of thirteen of the sixteen active offshore wind energy lease areas off the U.S. east coast and (ii) along two transects extending east from the U.S. coastline across the northern lease areas (LA). Flow close to the nominal hub-height of wind turbines is predominantly northwesterly and southwesterly and exhibits pronounced seasonality, with highest wind speeds in November, and lowest wind speeds in June. LLJs diagnosed using vertical profiles of modeled wind speeds from approximately 20 to 530 m above sea level exhibit highest frequency in LA south of Massachusetts, where LLJs are identified in up to 12% of hours in June. LLJs are considerably less frequent further south along the U.S. east coast and outside of the summer season. LLJs frequently occur at heights that intersect the wind turbine rotor plane, and at wind speeds within typical wind turbine operating ranges. LLJs are most frequent, intense and have lowest core heights under strong horizontal temperature gradients and lower planetary boundary layer heights.

scholarly journals The Potential of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) 12.5 km Coastal Observations for Offshore Wind Farm Site Selection in Irish Waters

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiny Remmers ◽  
Fiona Cawkwell ◽  
Cian Desmond ◽  
Jimmy Murphy ◽  
Eirini Politi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Operational Frequency ◽  
Frequency Map

The offshore wind industry has seen unprecedented growth over the last few years. In line with this growth, there has been a push towards more exposed sites, farther from shore, in deeper water with consequent increased investor risk. There is therefore a growing need for accurate, reliable, met-ocean data to identify suitable sites, and from which to base preliminary design and investment decisions. This study investigates the potential of hyper-temporal satellite remote sensing Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) data in generating information necessary for the optimal site selection of offshore renewable energy infrastructure, and hence providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional techniques, such as in situ data from public or private entities and modelled data. Five years of the ASCAT 12.5 km wind product were validated against in situ weather buoys and showed a strong correlation with a Pearson coefficient of 0.95, when the in situ measurements were extrapolated with the log law. Temporal variations depicted by the ASCAT wind data followed the same inter-seasonal and intra-annual variations as the in situ measurements. A small diurnal bias of 0.12 m s−1 was observed between the descending swath (10:00 to 12:00) and the ascending swath (20:30 to 22:30), indicating that Ireland’s offshore wind speeds are slightly stronger in the daytime, especially in the nearshore areas. Seasonal maps showed that the highest spatial variability in offshore wind speeds are exhibited in winter and summer. The mean wind speed extrapolated at 80 m above sea level showed that Ireland’s mean offshore wind speeds at hub height ranged between 9.6 m s−1 and 12.3 m s−1. To best represent the offshore wind resource and its spatial distribution, an operational frequency map and a maximum yield frequency map were produced based on the ASCAT wind product in an offshore zone between 20 km and 200 km from the coast. The operational frequency indicates the percentage of time during which the observed local wind speed is between cut-in (3 m/s) and cut-out (25 m/s) for a standard turbine. The operational frequency map shows that the frequency of the wind speed within the cut-in and cut-off range of wind turbines was between 92.4% and 97.2%, while the maximum yield frequency map showed that between 40.6% and 59.5% of the wind speed frequency was included in the wind turbine rated power range. The results showed that the hyper-temporal ASCAT 12.5 km wind speed product (five consecutive years, two observations daily per satellite, two satellites) is representative of wind speeds measured by in situ measurements in Irish waters, and that its ability to depict temporal and spatial variability can assist in the decision-making process for offshore wind farm site selection in Ireland.

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