scholarly journals A PROCESS-RESPONSE MODEL FOR HURRICANE WASHOVERS

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Suter ◽  
Dag Nummedal ◽  
Amy K. Maynard ◽  
Paul Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Major Hurricane ◽  
Padre Island ◽  
Lagoonal Water ◽  
Dune Ridge ◽  
The Impact

The passage of Hurricane Allen over Padre Island in August 1980 presented an excellent opportunity to study the effects and controls of coastal morphology on hurricane deposits. In the Caribbean Sea, Hurricane Allen achieved a central pressure of 899 mb, making it the second strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Once in the Gulf of Mexico, the storm approached the Texas coast from the east-southeast, building a significant storm surge. Near Brownsville, the storm stalled, spending much of its energy offshore before making landfall early on August 10th near Brazos Santiago Pass at the southern tip of Padre Island. Surge gauges show that peak recorded storm tides of about 3 m occurred at Port Mansfield, some 35 km north of landfall. Analysis of tide data indicates a time lag of some 14 hours on the rising storm tide between the Gulf and south Laguna Madre. This is due both to the limited tidal exchange across Padre Island and to set-down in the lagoon due to southward-directed cyclonic winds. By contrast, measurements taken in Corpus Christi Bay, some 180 km north of landfall, show that at that point Gulf and bay tides were in phase. The cross-barrier water level differential at South Padre Island (up to 1.5 m) greatly facilitated hurricane breaching of the island. Oblique and vertical aerial photography show that Padre Island was breached in many places, with about 40 major hurricane channels still open several days after the storm. Surge heights were sufficient to inundate all of South Padre Island except for isolated "dune islands" resulting in broad and often coalescing washover deposits. The more continuous dune ridge on North Padre Island resulted in smaller, discrete washovers. Intensity, distribution, and morphology of washovers are functions of storm tide elevation, its phase relationships, island topography, and lagoonal water depth. The relationship is complex, yet precise enough to permit prediction of the island's response to the impact of a given storm.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF BARRIER ISLAND DEGRADATION ON HURRICANE-INDUCED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

2018 ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Ke Liu ◽  
Qin Chen ◽  
Kelin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Coastal Wetland ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Barrier Islands ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Barataria Bay ◽  
The Impact

Hurricanes are recognized as a strong forcing in changing coastal morphology by redistributing sediments. Barrier islands protect estuaries from storm surge and severe waves and confine water and sediment discharge into estuaries during a hurricane event. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional, fully coupled storm surge, waves, and sediment transport model. The impacts of barrier islands degradation on hurricane hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics were evaluated by comparing a hypothetical model configuration for four major barrier islands in Terrebonne Bay and Barataria Bay against a baseline configuration. With the hypothetical deterioration of barrier islands, model results showed that the sediment transport from the shelf to the estuary increased in Terrebonne Bay but decreased in Barataria Bay. In the simulations, most of the deposition on coastal wetland still originated from the bay even when the barrier islands were degraded.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON STORM SURGE RISKS TO CONTAINERS CONSIDERING GLOBAL WARMING

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikito Hisamatsu ◽  
Rikito Hisamatsu ◽  
Kei Horie ◽  
Kei Horie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Risk Assessment Tools ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

Container yards tend to be located along waterfronts that are exposed to high risk of storm surges. However, risk assessment tools such as vulnerability functions and risk maps for containers have not been sufficiently developed. In addition, damage due to storm surges is expected to increase owing to global warming. This paper aims to assess storm surge impact due to global warming for containers located at three major bays in Japan. First, we developed vulnerability functions for containers against storm surges using an engineering approach. Second, we simulated storm surges at three major bays using the SuWAT model and taking global warming into account. Finally, we developed storm surge risk maps for containers based on current and future situations using the vulnerability function and simulated inundation depth. As a result, we revealed the impact of global warming on storm surge risks for containers quantitatively.

scholarly journals A comparison between polynya area and associated ice production with mooring-based measurements of temperature, salinity and currents in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (57) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kern ◽  
Stefano Aliani
Keyword(s):  
Ross Sea ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Terra Nova Bay ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Satellite Microwave ◽  
Terra Nova ◽  
Ice Production ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWintertime (April–September) area estimates of the Terra Nova Bay polynya (TNBP), Antarctica, based on satellite microwave radiometry are compared with in situ observations of water salinity, temperature and currents at a mooring in Terra Nova Bay in 1996 and 1997. In 1996, polynya area anomalies and associated anomalies in polynya ice production are significantly correlated with salinity anomalies at the mooring. Salinity anomalies lag area and/or ice production anomalies by about 3 days. Up to 50% of the variability in the salinity at the mooring position can be explained by area and/or ice production anomalies in the TNBP for April–September 1996. This value increases to about 70% when considering shorter periods like April–June or May–July, but reduces to 30% later, for example July–September, together with a slight increase in time lag. In 1997, correlations are smaller, less significant and occur at a different time lag. Analysis of ocean currents at the mooring suggests that in 1996 conditions were more favourable than in 1997 for observing the impact of descending plumes of salt-enriched water formed in the polynya during ice formation on the water masses at the mooring depth.

scholarly journals Impact of Management Regime and Regime Change on Gravel Barrier Response to a Major Storm Surge

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
James A. Pollard ◽  
Elizabeth K. Christie ◽  
Susan M. Brooks ◽  
Tom Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Coastal Defense ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
Coastal Risk ◽  
The Impact

Gravel barriers represent physiographic, hydrographic, sedimentary, and ecological boundaries between inshore and open marine offshore environments, where they provide numerous important functions. The morphosedimentary features of gravel barriers (e.g., steep, energy reflective form) have led to their characterization as effective coastal defense features during extreme hydrodynamic conditions. Consequently, gravel barriers have often been intensively managed to enhance coastal defense functions. The Blakeney Point Barrier System (BPBS), U.K., is one such example, which offers the opportunity to investigate the impact of alternative management regimes under extreme hydrodynamic conditions. The BPBS was actively re-profiled along its eastern section from the 1950s to the winter of 2005, whilst undergoing no active intervention along its western section. Combining an analysis of remotely sensed elevation datasets with numerical storm surge modeling, this paper finds that interventionist management introduces systemic differences in barrier morphological characteristics. Overly steepened barrier sections experience greater wave run-up extents during storm surge conditions, leading to more extreme morphological changes and landward barrier retreat. Furthermore, while high, steep barriers can be highly effective at preventing landward flooding, in cases where overwashing does occur, the resultant landward overtopping volume is typically higher than would be the case for a relatively lower crested barrier with a lower angled seaward slope. There is a growing preference within coastal risk management for less interventionist management regimes, incorporating natural processes. However, restoring natural processes does not immediately or inevitably result in a reduction in coastal risk. This paper contributes practical insights regarding the time taken for a previously managed barrier to relax to a more natural state, intermediary morphological states, and associated landward water flows during extreme events, all of which should be considered if gravel barriers are to be usefully integrated into broader risk management strategies.

scholarly journals Assessing storm surge hazard and impact of sea level rise in the Lesser Antilles case study of Martinique

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1559-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Krien ◽  
Bernard Dudon ◽  
Jean Roger ◽  
Gael Arnaud ◽  
Narcisse Zahibo
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the Lesser Antilles, coastal inundations from hurricane-induced storm surges pose a great threat to lives, properties and ecosystems. Assessing current and future storm surge hazards with sufficient spatial resolution is of primary interest to help coastal planners and decision makers develop mitigation and adaptation measures. Here, we use wave–current numerical models and statistical methods to investigate worst case scenarios and 100-year surge levels for the case study of Martinique under present climate or considering a potential sea level rise. Results confirm that the wave setup plays a major role in the Lesser Antilles, where the narrow island shelf impedes the piling-up of large amounts of wind-driven water on the shoreline during extreme events. The radiation stress gradients thus contribute significantly to the total surge – up to 100 % in some cases. The nonlinear interactions of sea level rise (SLR) with bathymetry and topography are generally found to be relatively small in Martinique but can reach several tens of centimeters in low-lying areas where the inundation extent is strongly enhanced compared to present conditions. These findings further emphasize the importance of waves for developing operational storm surge warning systems in the Lesser Antilles and encourage caution when using static methods to assess the impact of sea level rise on storm surge hazard.

Radiothermal radiation of the ice cover of the Arakhley lake as a geo-indicator of changes in a water body

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
V. Venslavsky ◽  
◽  
А. Orlov ◽  
Yu. Kharin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Crack Formation ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Microwave Range ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
The Impact

The object of this study was the ecosystem of a water body; the subject was the radio-thermal radiation of the ice cover as a geo-indicator of changes in the ecological state of the Lake Arakhley. On the basis of a systematic approach, the work assessed the contribution of the seasonal variability of the properties of the ice cover to the intensity of radio-thermal radiation as a geo-indicator of the ecological system. At present, the influence of the ice cover deformation during the crack formation period on the intensity of radio-thermal radiation has not been sufficiently studied, which determined the relevance of an experimental study for use in problems of assessing anthropogenic factors of influence. The aim of the study was to measure the seasonal variability of the intensity of radio-thermal radiation as a background geo-indicator of the temperature regime and deformation of the ice cover during the crack formation period in the absence of direct anthropogenic factors. In January-March 2020, remote radio-physical methods were used to study the intensity of radio-thermal radiation of the microwave range for the test area of the ice cover of the Lake Arakhley during synchronous contact measurements of deformation and temperature in a niche at a depth of 40 cm from the surface. According to the data obtained, the reaction of the deformation sensor signal to daily temperature variations with a time lag of 1…3 hours was recorded. According to the results of the study, the correlation coefficient of the data of the ice deformation channel and the intensity of radio-thermal radiation in the range of 8…14 mm exceeded ± 0.7 (with a window of 1000 s), with the data of the temperature sensor in most areas exceeded ± 0.9. This proves the relationship between the temperature and deformation of the ice surface with the intensity of radio-thermal radiation, as a seasonal geo-indicator in determining the ecological state of the lake. The increments in the brightness temperature during the period of increased crack formation in the 14 mm channel, with a significant correlation with the deformation data, were about 3…6 K, which can also serve as a geo-indicator of seasonal changes in the properties of the ice cover. The results of the study were obtained in the absence of direct anthropogenic factors and are background geoindicators of the seasonal state of the ice cover during the period of temperature and dynamic loads during deformation and cracking, and in the future will be used in practice for correction in assessing the impact of anthropogenic factors

Changing Face of Scholarly Communication and Its Impact on Library and Information Centres

2019 ◽  
pp. 870-883
Author(s):  
G. Saroja
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Scholarly Communication ◽  
Electronic Journals ◽  
Institutional Repositories ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact

Scholarly communication involves publishing the research findings by academics and researchers in order to share and make available the academic or research output to the global community of researchers. Emergence of Internet and World Wide Web has brought revolutionary changes in the process of scholarly communication. Increasing price of serial publications, time lag in the publication and readership and other associated problems were addressed by the electronic journals and open access initiatives. Other models like – Consortia and Institutional Repositories have evolved as a cost saving models and improving communication. The social networking sites on the Internet are also promoting scholarly communication to a great extent. In the light of the changing technological environment this chapter depicts the history of scholarly publishing and reviews the changes that took place in the process of scholarly communication. Further, the impact of the changing models on Library and Information Centres (LICs) is examined.

Military Geography

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene J. Palka
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
First Century ◽  
Military Geography ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vietnam Era ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Academic Geography ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Geography

In the benchmark publication American Geography: Inventory and Prospect (1954), Joseph Russell reported that military geography had long been recognized as a legitimate subfield in American geography. Despite the occasional controversy surrounding the subfield since his assessment (Association of American Geographers 1972; Lacoste 1973), and the general period of drought it experienced within American academic geography during the Vietnam era, military geography displays unquestionable resilience at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The subfield links geography and military science, and in one respect is a type of applied geography, employing the knowledge, methods, techniques, and concepts of the discipline to military affairs, places, and regions. In another sense, military geography can be approached from an historical perspective (Davies 1946; Meigs 1961; Winters 1998), with emphasis on the impact of physical or human geographic conditions on the outcomes of decisive battles, campaigns, or wars. In either case, military geography continues to keep pace with technological developments and seeks to apply geographic information, principles, and tools to military situations or problems during peacetime or war. Throughout the twentieth century, professional and academic geographers made enormous contributions to the US Military’s understanding of distant places and cultures. The vast collection of Area Handbooks found in most university libraries, serves as testament to the significant effort by geographers during wartime. Although some of the work remains hidden by security classification, a casual glance at Munn’s (1980) summary of the roles of geographers within the Department of Defense (DOD) enables one to appreciate the discipline’s far-reaching impact on military affairs. The value of military geography within a theater of war can hardly be disputed. The subfield has also been important during peacetime, however, providing an important forum for the continuing discourse among geographers, military planners, political officials, and government agencies, as each relies upon geographic tools and information to address a wide range of problems within the national security and defense arenas. Despite the subdiscipline’s well-established tenure, the Military Geography Specialty Group is in its infancy. The time-lag is attributable to the subfield’s tumultuous experience during the Vietnam era and the associated demise that ensued.

The impact of different historical typhoon tracks on storm surge: A case study of Zhejiang, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 103318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Du ◽  
Yijun Hou ◽  
Peng Qi ◽  
Kai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Typhoon Tracks ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Impact of Insulation Type and Thickness on the Dynamic Thermal Characteristics of an External Wall Structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihui Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Capacity ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
External Wall ◽  
Thermal Transmittance ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Lead ◽  
Surface Factor

The dynamic thermal characteristics of external wall structures are directly related to indoor thermal comfort and energy savings in buildings; they are also complicated and worth investigating. Thermal insulation in external wall structures has become a popular topic of investigation in the domain of building energy efficiency. This study aims to find the impact of insulation type and thickness on the dynamic thermal characteristics of external wall structures using a homogeneous multi-layer building external wall structure and three types of insulation materials that are widely used in Japan. The impact of insulation type and thickness on seven thermal characteristics of external walls, including thermal transmittance, decrement factor or amplitude attenuation, time lag, thermal admittance, time lead for thermal admittance, surface factor, and thermal capacity, was evaluated by numerical methods in this study. It was shown that insulation type and thickness would have a significant effect on thermal transmittance, decrement factor and time lag, but yield no significant change in thermal admittance, time lead for thermal admittance, surface factor, and the thermal capacity of external wall structures.

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