scholarly journals WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION OF SAGINAW BAY

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
James H. Saylor ◽  
Larry J. Danek
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
Saginaw Bay ◽  
Open Mouth ◽  
Flushing Rate ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Lagrangian Measurements ◽  
Good Agreement

A combination of Lagrangian measurements and fixed current meter moorings were used during the summer of 1974 and the winter of 1974-75 to determine the circulation patterns of Saginaw Bay. Because the bay is shallow, the water responds rapidly to wind changes. Distinct circulation patterns were determined for southwest and northeast winds. These directions parallel the major axis of the bay and were the prevailing wind directions during the study. A typical exchange rate between the inner , _. and outer bay during moderate winds aligned with the bay axis is 3700 m s '~s If sustained, this flushing rate would completely exchange the water of the inner bay in about 26.5 days. However, winds perpendicular to the axis of the bay cause little water to be exchanged and the residence time of water in the bay is much longer. Comparison of measured currents with the results of an indpendently-developed numerical model for the bay indicates there is good agreement between the observations and the simulation of the circulation in the shallow inner bay. Agreement is poor in the deeper outer bay, where specification of proper boundary conditions at the open mouth of the bay is important for meaningful model simulations. Ice cover during winter shields the water surface from wind stress. Currents are sluggish and driven almost entirely from interactions with the lakescale circulation of Lake Huron.

The Distribution of Mercury in the Surficial Sediments of Lake Huron

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Saginaw Bay ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Hydrated Iron Oxide ◽  
Sediment Deposits ◽  
Circulation Patterns

Total mercury has been determined in 163 samples of the topmost 3 cm of sediment taken from Lake Huron during 1969. Total mercury values range from 54 to 805 p.p.b. with a mean of 222 p.p.b. and a standard deviation of 162 p.p.b. The mercury distribution in the lake sediments shows a trend for increasing concentration from nearshore and mid-lake shallow water, coarse sediment deposits outwards into the fine-grained sediments in the deeper water basins. The application of a quartz correction to compensate for the dilution by an inert constituent reveals two major anomalies of higher mercury concentration. The Saginaw anomaly occurs in the southern basins of the lake and is believed to be due to the input of industrial mercury from Saginaw Bay; the Bruce anomaly in the northeastern part of Manitoulin basin is believed to be due to the weathering of sulfide deposits with subsequent concentration in the lake sediments being related to major water circulation patterns in the lake. From statistical analysis the mercury is believed to be bound in the sediments predominantly adsorbed or complexed by organic matter with subsidiary adsorption by the surfaces of iron sulfides and hydrated iron oxide – inorganic phosphorus complexes.

Use of a three-dimensional model to predict heavy metal (copper) fluxes in the Oujiang estuary

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1334-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Lu ◽  
Ruijie Li ◽  
Xiaoming Xia ◽  
Jun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Good Agreement

Measuring pollutant concentrations in major tributaries is the standard method for establishing pollutant fluxes to the sea. However, this method is costly and difficult, and may be subject to a great deal of uncertainty due to the presence of unknown sources. This uncertainty presents challenges to managers and scientists in reducing contaminant discharges to water bodies. As one less costly method, a three-dimensional model was developed and used to predict pollutant fluxes to the sea. The sorptive contaminant model was incorporated into hydrodynamic and sediment models. Adsorption–desorption of copper by sediments in the Oujiang estuary were described using Henry's law. The model was validated using measured data for water surface elevations, flow velocity/direction, suspended sediment concentrations, and the proportion of copper sorbed to sediment. The validated model was then applied to predict fluxes of copper. Combined with the measured data, the copper concentration in the Oujiang River discharge was calculated as 13.0 μg/L and copper fluxes were calculated as 52 t in 2010. This copper flux prediction was verified using measured dissolved copper concentrations. Comparisons between the modeled and measured results showed good agreement at most stations, demonstrating that copper flux prediction in the Oujiang estuary was reasonably accurate.

Zooplankton Grazing During the Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) Colonization of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Bridgeman ◽  
Gary L. Fahnenstiel ◽  
Gregory A. Lang ◽  
Thomas F. Nalepa
Keyword(s):  
Zebra Mussel ◽  
Dreissena Polymorpha ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Zooplankton Grazing ◽  
Saginaw Bay

scholarly journals The wave making resistance prediction of a mini-submarine by using tent function method

2018 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 01003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aries Sulisetyono ◽  
Ardi Nugroho Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Function Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
Hull Form ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Resistance Prediction ◽  
Havelock Source ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper describes the wave making resistance solution of a mini submarine operating in under water surface with different level depth. The Thin ship theory was adopted to solve the problem for a case of the slenderness body. The source distribution along the centre plane of the body was expressed in Green’s function of Havelock source potential under water surface. The Tent function method was proposed to illustrate the hull form based on offsets data, and to solve the Michell integral problem numerically. Four operational conditions were performed i.e. floating, snorkelling, and diving with 0.5m and 1m under water surface. The computational results for the mini submarine with length of 2m and diameter of 0.25m explained a more deeply operated under water surface cause to decrease a value of wave making resistance for all cases of Froude numbers. While in the diving conditions of 0.5m and 0.1m under the water surface, the wave making resistance were resulted about 64% and 74% less than the case of floating condition respectively. Furthermore, the effect of vertical fin on the body was investigated, where the wave making resistance could increase average 7.2% in snorkelling, 11.4% in 0.5m diving, and in the 1m diving about 9.07% for all Froude numbers. Over all the results of this approach shown a good agreement with the results come from Mitchell code.

Spatial and temporal patterns of macroscopic benthic primary producers in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Francoeur ◽  
Kimberly Peters Winslow ◽  
Dianna Miller ◽  
Craig A. Stow ◽  
YoonKyung Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Primary Producers ◽  
Saginaw Bay

scholarly journals Wind-induced Stresses on Water Surfaces: A Wind-tunnel Study

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Surface Stress ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Surface Slope ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Induced Stresses ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Wind Tunnel Study ◽  
Good Agreement

A laboratory wind tunnel has been used to study the effect of wind on a water surface. The surface shearing stress 7'0 and the slope of the surface induced by wind have been measured. Values of the surface stress, in good agreement with each other, have been obtained from: (a) the velocity profile of the wind above the water surface, (b) the measured values of surface slope or set-up, and (c) the spreading characteristics of surface films. The drag coefficient, Cn = TO/ pu2n, was found to be constant for wind speeds up to about 412 cm/s and then to rise gradually for higher wind speeds.

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