Chapter 14 : Human Health. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie L. Ebi ◽  
John Balbus ◽  
George Luber ◽  
Aparna Bole ◽  
Allison R. Crimmins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Climate Assessment ◽  
Human Health Impacts ◽  
National Climate Assessment

scholarly journals Air quality and human health impacts of grasslands and shrublands in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Satoshi Hirabayashi ◽  
Guy Ziv ◽  
Bhavik R. Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Human Health Impacts

scholarly journals Magnitude, Trends, and Impacts of Ambient Long-Term Ozone Exposure in the United States from 2000–2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Seltzer ◽  
Drew T. Shindell ◽  
Prasad Kasibhatla ◽  
Christopher S. Malley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Human Health Impacts

Abstract. Long-term exposure to ambient ozone (O3) is associated with a variety of impacts, including adverse human-health effects and reduced yields in commercial crops. Ground-level O3 concentrations for assessments are typically predicted using chemical transport models, however such methods often feature biases that can influence impact estimates. Here, we develop and apply artificial neural networks to empirically model long-term O3 exposure over the continental United States from 2000–2015, and generate a measurement-based assessment of impacts on human-health and crop yields. Notably, we find that two commonly-used human-health averaging metrics, based on separate epidemiological studies, differ in their trends over the study period. The population-weighted, April–September average of the daily 1-hour maximum concentration peaked in 2002 at 55.9 ppb and decreased by −0.43 [95 % CI: −0.28, −0.57] ppb/yr between 2000–2015, yielding a ~ 18 % decrease in normalized human-health impacts. In contrast, there was little change in the population-weighted, annual average of the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration between 2000–2015, which resulted in a ~ 5 % increase in normalized human-health impacts. In both cases, an aging population structure played a substantial role in modulating these trends. By contrast, all agriculture-weighted crop-loss metrics featured decreasing trends, leading to reductions in the estimated national relative yield loss ranging from 1.7–1.9 % for maize, 5.1–7.1 % for soybeans, and 2.7 % for wheat. Overall, these results provide a measurement-based estimate of long-term O3 exposure over the United States, quantify the historical magnitude, trends, and impacts of such exposure, and illustrate how different conclusions regarding historical impacts can be made through the use of varying metrics.

scholarly journals Magnitude, trends, and impacts of ambient long-term ozone exposure in the United States from 2000 to 2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1757-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Seltzer ◽  
Drew T. Shindell ◽  
Prasad Kasibhatla ◽  
Christopher S. Malley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Human Health Impacts

Abstract. Long-term exposure to ambient ozone (O3) is associated with a variety of impacts, including adverse human-health effects and reduced yields in commercial crops. Ground-level O3 concentrations for assessments are typically predicted using chemical transport models; however such methods often feature biases that can influence impact estimates. Here, we develop and apply artificial neural networks to empirically model long-term O3 exposure over the continental United States from 2000 to 2015, and we generate a measurement-based assessment of impacts on human-health and crop yields. Notably, we found that two commonly used human-health averaging metrics, based on separate epidemiological studies, differ in their trends over the study period. The population-weighted, April–September average of the daily 1 h maximum concentration peaked in 2002 at 55.9 ppb and decreased by 0.43 [95 % CI: 0.28, 0.57] ppb yr−1 between 2000 and 2015, yielding an ∼18 % decrease in normalized human-health impacts. In contrast, there was little change in the population-weighted, annual average of the maximum daily 8 h average concentration between 2000 and 2015, which resulted in a ∼5 % increase in normalized human-health impacts. In both cases, an aging population structure played a substantial role in modulating these trends. Trends of all agriculture-weighted crop-loss metrics indicated yield improvements, with reductions in the estimated national relative yield loss ranging from 1.7 % to 1.9 % for maize, 5.1 % to 7.1 % for soybeans, and 2.7 % for wheat. Overall, these results provide a measurement-based estimate of long-term O3 exposure over the United States, quantify the historical trends of such exposure, and illustrate how different conclusions regarding historical impacts can be made through the use of varying metrics.

Chapter 3 : Water. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upmanu Lall ◽  
Thomas Johnson ◽  
Peter Colohan ◽  
Amir Aghakouchak ◽  
Sankar Arumugam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climate Assessment ◽  
National Climate Assessment

Chapter 26 : Alaska. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Markon ◽  
Stephen Gray ◽  
Matthew Berman ◽  
Laura Eerkes-Medrano ◽  
Thomas Hennessy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climate Assessment ◽  
National Climate Assessment
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