scholarly journals Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products: The Devil in Disguise or a Considerable Risk Reduction?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk W Lachenmeier ◽  
Peter Anderson ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Devil

Background: Heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products are not burnt but instead are inserted into a tobacco-heating system, which heats the tobacco at temperatures below that required to initiate combustion. This mechanism potentially results in significantly reduced concentrations of heat-generated toxicants in the inhalable aerosol.Method: The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied for quantitative risk assessment. The MOE is defined as the ratio between the toxicological threshold and the estimated human intake of the same compound. The higher the MOE, the lower the risk of a compound.Findings: The MOEs were increased by factors of 3 to 415 for the most toxic compounds in tobacco smoke, comparing use of HNB with smoking conventional tobacco products. The combined MOE for all compounds was increased 23-fold, excluding nicotine, or 10-fold including nicotine. Thus, the overall risk for cumulative toxic effects was markedly lower for HNB products.Conclusions: HNB tobacco reduced the risk of exposure to 9 out of the 20 most toxic compounds in tobacco beyond an MOE threshold of 10,000. While our results show that use of HNB products leads to a considerable risk reduction compared to conventional tobacco, the products cannot be considered completely “risk-free” due to risk of exposure to the remaining toxicants with MOE below the threshold.

scholarly journals Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products: The Devil in Disguise or a Considerable Risk Reduction?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Dirk W Lachenmeier ◽  
Peter Anderson ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Devil

Background: Heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products are not burnt but instead are inserted into a tobacco-heating system, which heats the tobacco at temperatures below that required to initiate combustion. This mechanism potentially results in significantly reduced concentrations of heat-generated toxicants in the inhalable aerosol.Method: The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied for quantitative risk assessment. The MOE is defined as the ratio between the toxicological threshold and the estimated human intake of the same compound. The higher the MOE, the lower the risk of a compound.Findings: The MOEs were increased by factors of 3 to 415 for the most toxic compounds in tobacco smoke, comparing use of HNB with smoking conventional tobacco products. The combined MOE for all compounds was increased 23-fold, excluding nicotine, or 10-fold including nicotine. Thus, the overall risk for cumulative toxic effects was markedly lower for HNB products.Conclusions: HNB tobacco reduced the risk of exposure to 9 out of the 20 most toxic compounds in tobacco beyond an MOE threshold of 10,000. While our results show that use of HNB products leads to a considerable risk reduction compared to conventional tobacco, the products cannot be considered completely “risk-free” due to risk of exposure to the remaining toxicants with MOE below the threshold.

Mathematical Modeling of Reproductive and Developmental Toxic Effects for Quantitative Risk Assessment

Risk Analysis ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Kodell ◽  
Richard B. Howe ◽  
James J. Chen ◽  
David W. Gaylor
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Effects

Development and Implementation of a Liquid Pipeline Quantitative Risk Assessment Model

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerico Perez ◽  
David Weir ◽  
Caroline Seguin ◽  
Refaul Ferdous
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Risk Appetite ◽  
Assessment Results

To the end of 2012, Enbridge Pipelines employed an in-house developed indexed or relative risk assessment algorithm to model its liquid pipeline system. Using this model, Enbridge was able to identify risk control or treatment projects (e.g. valve placement) that could mitigate identified high risk areas. A changing understanding of the threats faced by a liquid pipeline system and their consequences meant that the model changed year over year making it difficult to demonstrate risk reduction accomplished on an annual basis using a relative scoring system. As the development of risk management evolved within the company, the expectations on the model also evolved and significantly increased. For example, questions were being asked such as “what risk is acceptable and what risk is not acceptable?”, “what is the true risk of failure for a given pipe section that considers the likelihood of all threats applicable to the pipeline”, and “is enough being done to reduce these risks to acceptable levels?” To this end, starting in 2012 and continuing through to the end of 2013, Enbridge Pipelines developed a quantitative mainline risk assessment model. This tool quantifies both threat likelihood and consequence and offers advantages over the indexed risk assessment model in the following areas: • Models likely worst case (P90) rupture scenarios • Enables independent evaluation of threats and consequences in order to understand the drivers • Produces risk assessment results in uniform units for all consequence criteria and in terms of frequencies of failure for likelihood • Aggregates likelihood and consequence at varying levels of granularity • Uses the risk appetite of the organization and its quantification allows for the setting of defined high, medium, and low risk targets • Quantifies the amount of risk in dollars/year facilitating cost-benefit analyses of mitigation efforts and risk reduction activities • Grounds risk assessment results on changes in product volume-out and receptor sensitivity • Balances between complexity and utility by using enough information and data granularity to capture all factors that have a meaningful impact on risk Development and implementation of the quantitative mainline risk assessment tool has had a number of challenges and hurdles. This paper provides an overview of the approach used by Enbridge to develop its quantitative mainline risk assessment model and examines the challenges, learnings and successes that have been achieved in its implementation.

scholarly journals Aggregated Risk Assessment and Survey for Risk Reduction in Oil Terminals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12169
Author(s):  
Robertas Alzbutas ◽  
Mindaugas Vaisnoras ◽  
Inga Saruniene ◽  
Ricardas Krikstolaitis ◽  
Mindaugas Valincius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Risk Aggregation ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
The Impact

One of the goals of any oil terminal is to make a business while avoiding hazardous events and harmful effects for both humans and the environment. This can be achieved by creating a safe working place as well as by performing safe and acceptable activities regarding the impact on surrounding objects, including residential and industrial areas. The aim of the hazard analysis of the oil terminal is to assess the risks related to hazardous events or phenomena and to evaluate whether the assessed risks are acceptable. The hazard analysis and assessment of risk are also used for risk reduction while examining and limiting hazardous scenarios that, for instance, involve the loss-of-containment of flammable or combustible material. In this paper, the authors aim to contribute to risk research by providing a comprehensive methodology of risk assessment for oil terminals with case study results and discussion on features of the methodology, risk aggregation, its applicability for risk reduction, and industrial interests. The performed study considered the “Klaipedos Nafta AB” (an operator of the Klaipeda Oil Terminal, Lithuania) case study regarding hazardous materials that might be released from various tanks, devices, and associated pipelines. The performed quantitative risk assessment has enabled the determination of the probability regarding whether releases would ignite and, for instance, cause explosion. In the case study, the estimate of probability, i.e., the frequency, and the possible consequences of the hazardous events were evaluated, and both mitigation and risk reduction measures were also considered.

The Assignment of SIL Targets to Overpressure Protection in Reactive Systems

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Dejmek ◽  
Ken A. Wehrman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Reactive Systems ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Matrix ◽  
Performance Targets

The assignment of performance targets, or target Safety Integrity Levels (SILs), is a critical step in the application of the Safety Instrumented System (SIS) standards, i.e., ANSI/ISA S84.0.01-1996, IEC 61508 and IEC61511. Although the SIL is a key concept in the implementation of the standards, the development and application of a method for determining the target SIL has been left to the owner/operator. The standards do, however, provide guidance on this topic and present a number of techniques that can be considered, including risk matrix, risk graph, and Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA). Generally, the methods for SIL assignment are qualitative or semi-quantitative risk assessment methods that are based upon the judgments of an assignment team. In most cases the methods based on expert opinion and limited historical data are adequate. However, in the case of overpressure protection for reactive systems, the number and complexity of the scenarios often overwhelms these simplified approaches. There are warning signs that can aid in the identification of cases where the simplified methods may break down and provide non-conservative results. In cases such as this, a quantitative assessment should be conducted to evaluate the likelihood of SIF demands, the risk reduction supplied by the other protection layers, with the aim of determining the risk reduction required from the instrumented overpressure protection system.

scholarly journals Rapid detection of toxic compounds in tobacco smoke condensates using high-resolution 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 6388-6397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Ticha ◽  
Christopher Wright
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Scientific Advisory Committee ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Scientific Advisory

In 2012, the FDA Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee published a list of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) of tobacco products and tobacco smoke.

scholarly journals Environmental quality assessment and modelling in high-risk industrial sites in Latvia

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Andris Maurāns ◽  
Jānis Prindulis ◽  
Dainis Mačs
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Quality Assessment ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Industrial Risk

Environmental quality assessment and modelling in high-risk industrial sites in Latvia The industrial risk situation during the past 20 years in 50 high-risk industrial sites in Latvia was investigated. Overall, the study results show that the level of industrial risk within Latvia's high-risk companies has fallen significantly. Modernisation of equipment and automation of process management were deemed to be the most effective risk reduction measures. A great deal of experience has accumulated in Latvia in the field of quantitative risk assessment. However, the comparability of the results of the work carried out is limited, because different input data and assumptions have been utilised in the calculations by various specialists. Computer modelling of the harmful impact zones resulting from accidents should be consolidated in risk assessments so that as far as possible the harmful effects on human health and the environment arising from accidents can be assessed more comprehensively and diversely. There is a need to develop common methods for probabilistic risk assessment. The study also shows that, in contrast to many European countries, acceptable risk norms are yet to be ratified in Latvia which is hindering the formulation and implementation of targeted risk reduction policy by executive governmental institutions.

Runway veer-off accidents: Quantitative risk assessment and risk reduction measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Moretti ◽  
P. Di Mascio ◽  
S. Nichele ◽  
O. Cokorilo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures
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