scholarly journals Words in Space and Time: Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kamusella
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Human History ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Central European ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Writing Technology

With forty-two extensively annotated maps, this atlas offers novel insights into the history and mechanics of how Central Europe’s languages have been made, unmade, and deployed for political action. The innovative combination of linguistics, history, and cartography makes a wealth of hard-to-reach knowledge readily available to both specialist and general readers. It combines information on languages, dialects, alphabets, religions, mass violence, or migrations over an extended period of time. The story first focuses on Central Europe’s dialect continua, the emergence of states, and the spread of writing technology from the tenth century onward. Most maps concentrate on the last two centuries. The main storyline opens with the emergence of the Western European concept of the nation, in accord with which the ethnolinguistic nation-states of Italy and Germany were founded. In the Central European view, a “proper” nation is none other than the speech community of a single language. The Atlas aspires to help users make the intellectual leap of perceiving languages as products of human history and part of culture. Like states, nations, universities, towns, associations, art, beauty, religions, injustice, or atheism—languages are artefacts invented and shaped by individuals and their groups.

scholarly journals Existing and Proposed Urban Geosites Values Resulting from Geodiversity of Poznań City

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Zwoliński ◽  
Iwona Hildebrandt-Radke ◽  
Małgorzata Mazurek ◽  
Mirosław Makohonienko
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
Impact Craters ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Human History ◽  
The City ◽  
Weichselian Glaciation ◽  
Vast Area

Abstract Poznań, a city in central-western Poland, is located in the lowland region but has no less attractive geomorphological and human history. It was here that Poland was born at the end of the tenth century. The city’s location is connected with the meridian course of the Warta River valley. In contrast, in the northern part of the city, there is a vast area of the frontal moraines of the Poznań Phase of the Weichselian Glaciation. Against the backdrop of the geomorphological development of the city, the article presents the existing geosites, classified as urban geosites. The present geosites include three lapidaries with Scandinavian postglacial erratics, one of them also with stoneware, a fragment of a frontal push moraine and impact craters. Besides, three locations of proposed geosites with rich geomorphological and/or human history were identified. These are as follows: the peat bog located in the northern part of the city, defence ramparts as exhumed anthropogenic forms, and the Warta River valley. The existing and proposed geosites in Poznań were evaluated in three ways. In general, it should be assumed that the proposed new geosites are higher ranked than the current ones.

Africans in World Wars I and II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
African History ◽  
Central European ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Face ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
P Mobilization ◽  
Human Costs

World Wars I and II were very probably the most destructive conflicts in African history. In terms of the human costs—the numbers of people mobilized, the scale of violence and destruction experienced--as well as their enduring political and social impact, no other previous conflicts are comparable, particularly over such short periods as four and ten years, respectively. All told, about 4,500,000 African soldiers and military laborers were mobilized during these wars and about 2,000,000 likely died. Mobilization on this scale among African peasant societies was only sustainable because they were linked to the industrial economies of a handful of West Central European nation states at the core of the global commercial infrastructure, which invariably subordinated African interests to European imperial imperatives. Militarily, these were expressed in two ways: by the use of African soldiers and supporting military laborers to conquer or defend colonies on the continent, or by the export of African combat troops and laborers overseas—in numbers far exceeding comparable decades during the 18th-century peak of the transatlantic slave trade—to Europe and Asia to augment Allied armies there. The destructive consequences of these wars were distributed unevenly across the continent. In some areas of Africa, human losses and physical devastation frequently approximated or surpassed the worst suffering experienced in Europe itself; yet, in other areas of the continent, Africans remained virtually untouched by these wars. These conflicts contributed to an ever-growing assertiveness of African human rights in the face of European claims to racial supremacy that led after 1945 to the restoration of African sovereignty throughout most of the continent. On a personal level, however, most Africans received very little for their wartime sacrifices. Far more often, surviving veterans returned to their homes with an enhanced knowledge of the wider world, perhaps a modicum of newly acquired personal prestige within their respective societies, but little else.

Measles Virus

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Human History ◽  
Smallpox Virus ◽  
Preventive Vaccine ◽  
To Come

This chapter explores the origin and infectivity of the measles virus in the course of human history. How measles first came to infect humans is not clear. Definitive proof is hard to come by since measles virus infection was once nearly impossible to distinguish from smallpox virus infection. Consequently, both had been lumped together as a single entity. As early as the tenth century, the Arab physician Abu Becr first attempted to distinguish between the two. However, it was not until the seventeenth century that English physician Thomas Sydenham actually documented the clinical entity of measles infection. Once it was understood that infection with measles virus confers lifelong protection from the disease and that humans are the natural host, interest turned toward developing a preventive vaccine. The chapter then considers the purported evidence that measles virus vaccines may be harmful. Such misinformation is often propagated for personal reasons yet greatly affects public health and individual lives.

scholarly journals Apprenticeship as a mode of learning and model of education

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Billett
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Personal Epistemology ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Human History ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – Apprenticeships are now usually seen as a model of education focused on occupational preparation, albeit manifested in different ways across nation states. However, throughout human history, the majority of occupational preparation has been premised upon apprenticeship as a mode of learning. That is, a preparation arising mainly through apprentices’ active and interdependent engagement in their work, rather than being taught or directly guided by more experienced practitioners. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A review of literature. Findings – A way of considering apprenticeship as a mode of learning as well as a model of education. Research limitations/implications – Three elements of considering and supporting apprenticeship as a mode of learning. Practical implications – Practice curriculum, practice pedagogies and personal epistemology. Social implications – A way of considering apprenticeship as a mode of learning as well as a model of education. Originality/value – A way of considering apprenticeship as a mode of learning as well as a model of education.

scholarly journals From Non-places to Places: Transforming Partition Rehabilitation Camps Through the Gendered Quotidian

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39
Author(s):  
Dibyadyuti Roy
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
National Space ◽  
Social Narratives ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Partition Of India ◽  
Spatial Locations

The political partition of India in 1947 into a truncated India and the dominion of Pakistan witnessed a wave of forced migration, hitherto unseen in human history. The alteration of a singular national space into two separate nation-states based on religious identities forced the movement of almost twelve million people, in search of a new homeland. Although this exodus was experienced differently based on socio-economic backgrounds—unfortunately in ways akin to any violent transition—women formed the most susceptible ground to the rigours of the Partition. Gross and barbarous acts of violence perpetuated against women were derived from a hypermasculinized nationalist ideology: one that perceived women’s bodies as sites where national and religious identities needed to be forcibly inscribed. Partition historiography, however, has frequently privileged only the political circumstances and elided the traumatic human micro-histories, which dominated and continue to impinge on postcolonial subjectivities. This article explores a key facet of Partition history, which has often been relegated to the footnotes of both political and social narratives: transitory rehabilitation camps established primarily for the recovery of female refugees. Through an analysis of non-fictional testimonies and selected Partition fiction, I demonstrate how the transformation of these refugee rehabilitation camps—from transitory non-places into referential spatial locations or places—was facilitated through the quotidian performances of the female Partition Refugee.

scholarly journals Masa-Depan Cerah, Bahaya Menunggu: Negara-Bangsa Baru dan Kekerasan Massal di Asia Tenggara

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Henk Schulte Nordholt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

In this article the impact of the Cold War in Southeast Asia is evaluated. The region was turned into the hottest battlefields of this conflict which costed the lives of about seven million people. The Cold War also terminated fragile attempts to turn newly independent nation-states into democracies. Instead every country in Southeast Asia experienced authoritarian rule by either capitalist of socialist regimes. In the capitalist countries middle classes emerged which profited from economic growth under authoritarian rule. Since democracy was associated with instability and mass violence and economic growth with authoritarian rule, middle classes were very late in supporting new attempts to democratize their political systems.

scholarly journals Partition of Bengal: a Posthumanist Study of Select Literary Works

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Sankar Ghatak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Cultural Geography ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human History ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The People ◽  
National Human ◽  
History Of

The Indian Partition ushered in one of the most historical migrations in human history where millions had to change their native affiliations. This event led to the formation of two nation-states (India and East Pakistan) out of a single cultural geography and the drawing of boundaries (Radcliffe line) disrupted the emotional, cultural and spatial link of the people with the native countries. Selected short stories from Bashabi Fraser’s Bengal Partition Stories and the memoirs in Adhir Biswas’ Border: Bangla Bhager Dewal encapsulate the variegated experiences of the dislocated during 1946-1955, who were sabotaged by fellow Bengalis in the name of gender, community (bangal-ghoti), and religion. This paper looks at select samples from the collections mentioned above and correlates them with the history of the period. It raises the question “of which ‘human’ is the posthuman a ‘post’?” (Ferrando, 2019, p. 9) The narratives from the Bengal partition capture the phenomenon of border crossing which had led to fluid identities (refugees/migrants/infiltrators) as individuals had been deterritorialized and reterritorialized. The migrant bodies symbolize an anthropogeographic entity that had been exploited severely, and the refugees present themselves as the cultural metaphor in order to capture the traumatized and ambivalent condition of post-national human beings.

scholarly journals Water and Warfare: The Evolution and Operation of the Water Taboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-125
Author(s):  
Charlotte Grech-Madin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Human History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract For much of human history, water was a standard weapon of war. In the post–World War II period, however, nation-states in international conflict have made concerted efforts to restrain the weaponization of water. Distinct from realist and rationalist explanations, the historical record reveals that water has come to be governed by a set of intersubjective standards of behavior that denounce water's involvement in conflict as morally taboo. How did this water taboo develop, and how does it matter for nation-states? Focused process-tracing illuminates the taboo's development from the 1950s to the 2010s, and indicates that (1) a moral aversion to using water as a weapon exists; (2) this aversion developed through cumulative mechanisms of taboo evolution over the past seventy years; and (3) the taboo influences states at both an instrumental level of compliance, and, in recent decades, a more internalized level. These findings offer new avenues for research and policy to better understand and uphold this taboo into the future.

The Central European Civil War

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-145
Author(s):  
Jochen Böhler
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Central European ◽  
Common Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
New Nation ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The Way

Between 1918 and 1921, Central Europe witnessed several military conflicts which in the past were regarded as rather isolated. Chapter 3 argues that we learn much more about their nature if we underline their similarities rather than their differences. Actually, they can be interpreted as part of a Central European Civil War, which served the new nation states to secure their share of the imperial heritage. Civil war is thus defined as a common experience of fratricidal war in postwar Central Europe. Subsequently, the conflicts at Poland’s borders from the northeast to the southwest are described with an emphasis on their paramilitary character and the way they affected the civil population which was caught in their crossfire. Simultaneously, inner conflict threatened the state’s existence: its leadership prepared for a domestic war, and even the Soviet invasion of 1920 did not motivate Polish peasants to join the colors.

Die Internationale Kontrollkommission Albaniens und die albanischen Machtzentren (1913/1914). Beitrag zur Geschichte der Staatsbildung Albaniens / The Albanian International Commission of Control and the Albanian power centres (1913/1914) – Contribution to the history of the state-building process in Albania

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-267
Author(s):  
Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Building Process ◽  
History Of

Abstract The best guarantee of protecting the rights of Christian minorities on the European territory of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century was nothing else but the establishing of own nation-states, where the Christian population could lead his life without being ruled or controlled by the Ottoman Empire. This process found support and was assisted by the Great Powers. It means, that one form of the humanitarian intervention was the state-building instructed or assisted from abroad. One of the unexpected experiences of the Balkan Wars 1912/1913 was that the members of the Balkan League committed genocides and other kinds of mass violence against other Nationalities and the Muslim population of the peninsula. Among other things the Albanian state-building project of the Great Powers aimed to prevent further genocide and other acts of violence against the Albanian population and other refugees from Macedonia and to put an end to the anarchy of the country. The main international organisation to directly represent the great powers in the new Albania and to be responsible for the state-building process was the International Commission of Control.

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