Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor: Incidental Diagnosis of a Rare Brain Lesion

Semantic features, such as prototypical visual form or function, are often shared across multiple object concepts. How, then, are we able to resolve interference between object concepts that look alike but perform different functions (e.g., hairdryer and gun) or that do similar things but look rather dissimilar (e.g., hairdryer and comb)? We examined this issue in the current neuropsychological single-case study by asking whether perirhinal cortex (PRC) critically enables resolution of interference among object concepts at the level of their conceptually- and visually-based semantic features. We tested three patients with differing lesion profiles using a novel discrimination task involving stimuli for which visual and conceptual similarity were not linked across object concepts. We found that D.A., an individual with a brain lesion that includes PRC, was impaired at discriminating among object concepts when there was a high degree conceptual and visual semantic feature overlap among choices. We replicated this result in a second testing session. Conversely, patients with selective hippocampal or ventromedial prefrontal cortical lesions were unimpaired on this task. Importantly, D.A.’s performance was intact when (i) conceptual and visual interference among object concepts was minimized, and (ii) when the discriminations involved simple stimuli that did not require assessment of multiple stimulus dimensions. These results reveal a novel semantic deficit in a patient with PRC damage, suggesting that this structure represents object concepts in a manner that can be flexibly reshaped to emphasize task relevant semantic features.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Clinical correlations of brain lesion distribution in multiple sclerosis.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1158633.618843 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy Richert ◽

Francesca Bagnato

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Brain Lesion ◽

Clinical Correlations

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718010184.793476583 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Olga Ciccarelli

Keyword(s):

Brain Lesion ◽

Spectrum Disorder

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A Study on the Relationship between guardian burden and quality of life according to Activitise of Daily Living of Brain Lesion Patients

Society of Occupational Therapy for the Aged and Dementia ◽

10.34263/jsotad.2019.13.2.89 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 89-95

Author(s):

Jeong-Hyeon Seok ◽

Yeong-Ae Yang

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Daily Living ◽

Brain Lesion ◽

The Relationship

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Heterogeneity of Microglia Phenotypes: Developmental, Functional and Some Therapeutic Considerations

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190722114248 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (21) ◽

pp. 2375-2393 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yun Yuan ◽

Chunyun Wu ◽

Eng-Ang Ling

Keyword(s):

Brain Lesion ◽

Translocator Protein ◽

Trophic Factors ◽

Microglial Cells ◽

Brain Maturation ◽

Activated Microglia ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Positron Emission ◽

M2 Microglia

Background: Microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in complex brain environment. They first exist as amoeboid microglial cells (AMCs) in the developing brain, but with brain maturation, they transform into ramified microglial cells (RMCs). In pathological conditions, microglia are activated and have been classified into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The roles of AMCs, RMCs and M1/M2 microglia phenotypes especially in pathological conditions have been the focus of many recent studies. Methods: Here, we review the early development of the AMCs and RMCs and discuss their specific functions with reference to their anatomic locations, immunochemical coding etc. M1 and M2 microglia phenotypes in different neuropathological conditions are also reviewed. Results: Activated microglia are engaged in phagocytosis, production of proinflammatory mediators, trophic factors and synaptogenesis etc. Prolonged microglia activation, however, can cause damage to neurons and oligodendrocytes. The M1 and M2 phenotypes featured prominently in pathological conditions are discussed in depth. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia phenotype is being modulated by multiple factors including external and internal stimuli, local demands, epigenetic regulation, and herbal compounds. Conclusion: Prevailing views converge that M2 polarization is neuroprotective. Thus, proper therapeutic designs including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, herbal agents may be beneficial in suppression of microglial activation, especially M1 phenotype, for amelioration of neuroinflammation in different neuropathological conditions. Finally, recent development of radioligands targeting 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in activated microglia may hold great promises clinically for early detection of brain lesion with the positron emission tomography.

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