scholarly journals What’s the Risk: Differentiating Risk Ratios, Odds Ratios, and Hazard Ratios?

Cureus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew George ◽  
Thor S Stead ◽  
Latha Ganti
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Risk Ratios

scholarly journals Optimal approximate conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios

Biometrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. VanderWeele
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Risk Ratios

Abstract 13315: Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular Events Following Hospitalization for Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah B Kosyakovsky ◽  
Federico Angriman ◽  
Emma Katz ◽  
Neill Adhikari ◽  
Lucas C Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sepsis Survivors ◽  
Risk Ratios

Introduction: Sepsis results in dysregulated inflammation, coagulation, and metabolism, which may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between sepsis and subsequent long-term CVD events. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from inception to May 2020 to identify observational studies of adult sepsis survivors (defined by diagnostic codes or consensus definitions) measuring long-term CV outcomes. The primary outcome was a composite of myocardial infarction, CV death, and stroke. Random-effects models estimated the pooled cumulative incidence and adjusted hazard ratios of CV events relative to hospital or population controls. Odds ratios were included as risk ratios assuming <10% incidence in non-septic controls, and risk ratios were taken as hazard ratios (HR) assuming no censoring. Outcomes were analyzed at maximum follow-up (primary analysis) and stratified by time (<1 year, 1-2 years, and >2 years) since sepsis. Results: Of 11,235 abstracts screened, 25 studies (22 cohort studies, 2 case-crossover studies, and 1 case-control) involving 1,949,793 sepsis survivors were included. The pooled cumulative incidence of CVD events was 9% (95% CI; 5-14%). Sepsis was associated with an increased risk (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.37-1.86) of CVD events at maximum follow-up ( Figure ); between-study heterogeneity was substantial (I 2 =97.3%). There was no significant difference when comparing studies using population and hospital controls. Significantly elevated risk was observed up to 5 years following sepsis. Conclusions: Sepsis survivors experience an approximately 50% increased risk of CVD events, which may persist for years following the index episode. These results highlight a potential unmet need for early cardiac risk stratification and optimization in sepsis survivors.

scholarly journals Reply: On the Reporting of Odds Ratios and Risk Ratios, Nutrients 2018, 10, 10

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Elena Ricci ◽  
Stefania Noli ◽  
Sonia Cipriani ◽  
Irene La Vecchia ◽  
Francesca Chiaffarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Risk Ratios

In response to the letter of Pace and Multani, in general, we cannot disagree with their considerations about the use of odds ratios, risk ratios, and rate ratios. [...]

scholarly journals On the Reporting of Odds Ratios and Risk Ratios

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Pace ◽  
Jasjit Multani
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Fertility Clinic ◽  
Risk Ratios

It is with great interest that we read the article by Ricci et al. entitled “Maternal and Paternal Caffeine Intake and ART Outcomes in Couples Referring to an Italian Fertility Clinic: A Prospective Cohort” [...]

Association between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood and schizophrenia later in adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dalsgaard ◽  
P.B. Mortensen ◽  
M. Frydenberg ◽  
C.M. Maibing ◽  
M. Nordentoft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cox Regression ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Risk Ratios

AbstractPurpose:To estimate the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood among children and adolescents with ADHD compared to the background population.Subjects/materials and methods:Two hundred and eight youths with ADHD (183 boys; 25 girls) were followed prospectively. Diagnoses of schizophrenia were obtained from The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The relative risk (RR) of schizophrenia for cases with ADHD, compared to the normal population, was calculated as risk ratios. Hazard ratios (HR's) by Cox regression were calculated in the predictor analyses.Results:Mean age for ADHD cases at follow-up was 31.1 years. Schizophrenia diagnoses were given to 3.8% of these cases. Compared to the general population, RR of schizophrenia in cases with ADHD was 4.3 (95% CI 1.9–8.57).Discussion and conclusion:This prospective follow-up study found children with ADHD to be at higher risk of later schizophrenia than controls. If replicated, these results warrant increased focus on the possible emergence symptoms of schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis during clinical follow-up of patients with ADHD.

36,269 patients with chronic cardiovascular, metabolic and renal conditions: impact on clinical outcomes, medical resource use and health-related costs of deranged serum potassium levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jimenez ◽  
M Cainzos-Achirica ◽  
D Monterde ◽  
L Garcia-Eroles ◽  
E Vela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Hazard Ratios

Abstract Background Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) and its risk factors at stage A of the disease are conditions that trends to facilitate potassium (K+) derangements, for pathophysiology mechanisms and medication use than could facilitate both hyper- and hypokalamia. Studies on the associations between potassium derangements and clinical outcomes in these patient populations have yielded mixed findings, and the implications for healthcare expenditure are unknown. Purpose The objectives of our analysis was to asses the population-based associations between hyperkalemia, hypokalemia (compared to normokalemia) and all-cause death, urgent hospitalization, emergency department visits, daycare visits, and a yearly healthcare expenditure &gt;85th percentile, in patients with chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Methods Population-based, longitudinal study including up to 36,269 patients from the Public Healthcare Area with at least one of those conditions. We used three linked administrative, hospital and primary care healthcare databases with exhaustive information on sociodemographics, medical diagnoses, pharmacy dispensing and laboratory data. Participants were identified and followed between 2015 and 2017, had to be ≥55 years old and have at least one serum potassium measurement recorded; and were classified as hyperkalemic, hypokalemic or normokalemic. Four analytic designs were used to evaluate prevalent and incident disease cases as well as prevalent and incident use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors Results The majority of study participants remained normokalemic during the 3 months following study entry (ranging 94%–96%) and hyperkalemia was twice as frequent as hypokalemia. In all analyses, compared to normokalemic patients those with hyperkalemia had a worse crude event-free survival for all endpoints, and the worst survival was observed for hypokalemic patients [see Figure 1: prevalent case analysis; Kaplan-Meier cumulative survivor function curves for all-cause death (upper left), hospitalization (upper right), ED visits (lower left) and daycare visits (lower right)]. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, hyperkalemia was robustly and significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (hazard ratios from Cox regression models ranging 1.31–1.68) and with an increased odds of a yearly healthcare expenditure &gt;85th percentile (odds ratios 1.21–1.29). Associations were even stronger in hypokalemic patients (hazard ratios for all-cause death 1.92–2.60; odds ratios for healthcare expenditure &gt;percentile 85th 1.81–1.85). Conclusions Experimental studies are needed to confirm whether prevention of potassium derangements reduces mortality and healthcare expenditure in patients with these chronic conditions. Until then, our findings provide further observational evidence on the potential importance of maintaining normal potassium levels in this setting. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): The present study was funded by an unrestricted research grant from Vifor Pharma.

Risk ratios and odds ratios—what are they?

Midwifery ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Risk Ratios

G-estimation of structural nested mean models for competing risks data using pseudo-observations

Biostatistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Tanaka ◽  
M Alan Brookhart ◽  
Jason P Fine
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Competing Risks ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Subdistribution Hazard ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Competing Risks Data ◽  
Risk Ratios

Summary This article provides methods of causal inference for competing risks data. The methods are formulated as structural nested mean models of causal effects directly related to the cumulative incidence function or subdistribution hazard, which reflect the survival experience of a subject in the presence of competing risks. The effect measures include causal risk differences, causal risk ratios, causal subdistribution hazard ratios, and causal effects of time-varying exposures. Inference is implemented by g-estimation using pseudo-observations, a technique to handle censoring. The finite-sample performance of the proposed estimators in simulated datasets and application to time-varying exposures in a cohort study of type 2 diabetes are also presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document