scholarly journals The effects of “Fangcang, Huoshenshan, and Leishenshan” hospitals and environmental factors on the mortality of COVID-19

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9578
Author(s):  
Yuwen Cai ◽  
Tianlun Huang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Gaosi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Student’S T Test

Background In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, China; however, the factors affecting the mortality of COVID-19 remain unclear. Methods Thirty-two days of data (the growth rate/mortality of COVID-19 cases) that were shared by Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Weather Net were collected by two authors independently. Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the difference in the mortality of confirmed/severe cases before and after the use of “Fangcang, Huoshenshan, and Leishenshan” makeshift hospitals (MSHs). We also studied whether the above outcomes of COVID-19 cases were related to air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), or air quality index (AQI) by performing Pearson’s analysis or Spearman’s analysis. Results Eight days after the use of MSHs, the mortality of confirmed cases was significantly decreased both in Wuhan (t = 4.5, P < 0.001) and Hubei (U = 0, P < 0.001), (t and U are the test statistic used to test the significance of the difference). In contrast, the mortality of confirmed cases remained unchanged in non-Hubei regions (U = 76, P = 0.106). While on day 12 and day 16 after the use of MSHs, the reduce in mortality was still significant both in Wuhan and Hubei; but in non-Hubei regions, the reduce also became significant this time (U = 123, P = 0.036; U = 171, P = 0.015, respectively). Mortality of confirmed cases was found to be negatively correlated with AT both in Wuhan (r =  − 0.441, P = 0.012) and Hubei (r =  − 0.440, P = 0.012). Also, both the growth rate and the mortality of COVID-19 cases were found to be significantly correlated with AQI in Wuhan and Hubei. However, no significant correlation between RH and the growth rate/mortality of COVID-19 cases was found in our study. Conclusions Our findings indicated that both the use of MSHs, the rise of AT, and the improvement of air quality were beneficial to the survival of COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak In Nigeria: How Prepared Is The Radiography Sector?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Akpaniwo ◽  
D. A. Olushola ◽  
M. C. Okoji ◽  
N. O. Egbe
Keyword(s):  
Test Statistic ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Emergency Training ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Introduction: Following the outbreak and increasing numbers of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in Nigeria, healthcare professionals are at the forefront in dealing with the pandemic. Radiographers are among the first line care givers. The study is aim to assess the level of preparedness of the Radiography sector in Nigeria. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted using self-completion questionnaire. The questionnaire was generated on the 26th of March 2020, using online Google forms consisting of closed and open ended questions. Paired t-test statistic was used to compare the difference between "Before and After" changes in departmental protocols, using the SPSS statistical software, version 20. Statistically significant level was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 107 radiographers from across the country responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 78(72%) were male and 27.1% female, giving a male to female ratio of 3:1. Following the outbreak of COVID-19, 86% of the respondents report that there have been changes in the departmental procedures. Sixty-seven percent said "No" to the availability of an appointment system, guidelines to reduce human to human contact(57%) and auditing for suspected COVID-19 cases (58.9%). Only 16(15%) of the respondents had received emergency training towards the fight against COVID-19. Of these, 6(37.5%) were trained  in patient care, only 1(6.3%) on emergency response while 9 (56.3%) received training in limiting human to human transmission. Conclusion: Findings in this study, suggest inadequate preparedness, with evidence of inadequate provision of equipment (Mobile X-ray and Ultrasound machines) for the diagnosis and management of cases in departments and isolation centers. In addition, emergency training on COVID-19 issues is low. The foregoing calls for adoption of urgent and immediate remedial measures. Implications for practice: This study identify areas of practice that may detract from achieving optimum service delivery and safety during the pandemic.

scholarly journals The Effects of “Fangcang, Huoshenshan, and Leishenshan” Hospitals and Temperature on the Mortality of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwen Cai ◽  
Tianlun Huang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Gaosi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
National Health ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractBackgroundIn December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, China, however, the factors affecting the mortality remain unclear.MethodsThirty-two days of data that were shared by China National Health Commission and China Weather Net were collected using standard forms. The difference in the mortality of confirmed and severe cases before and after the use of “Fangcang, Huoshenshan, and Leishenshan” makeshift hospitals (MSHs) was tested using Mann-Whitney U test. We also studied whether air temperature (AT) could affect the above outcomes of COVID-19 cases by performing Spearman’s analysis.ResultsEight days after the use of MSHs, the mortality of confirmed cases was significantly decreased both in Wuhan (U = 1, P < 0.001) and Hubei (U = 0, P < 0.001), while in non-Hubei regions, as a contrast, the mortality of confirmed cases remained unchanged (U = 40, P = 0.139). However, another eight days later, changes in the mortality in non-Hubei regions also became significant (U = 73, P = 0.039). Mortality of confirmed cases was found to be significantly correlated with AT both in Wuhan (r = −0.441, P = 0.012) and Hubei (r = −0.440, P = 0.012).ConclusionsOur findings indicated that both the use of MSHs and the rise of AT were beneficial to the survival of COVID-19 cases.

scholarly journals Debt behavior of different generations before and after COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-251
Author(s):  
Maria A. Gagarina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Student’S T Test ◽  
Debt Behavior

The relevance of researching debt behavior in the context of the pandemic is associated with the need to understand the changes in the willingness of Russians to postpone the satisfaction of their needs and help others in the face of a worsening epidemiological, economic and social situation in the country. The aim of the study was to compare the debt behavior of the baby boomer generations X, Y and Z before and after the beginning of the pandemic. Research hypothesis, respondents interviewed prior to COVID-19 will have a lower willingness to lend and borrow, and willingness to fulfill obligations will remain unchanged, compared to respondents interviewed after COVID-19. Sample 1: interviewed from 2013 to January 2019, before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia, N = 390 (159 men, 217 women, 14 did not indicate gender), representatives of different generations. Sample 2: interviewed in 2020, N = 390 (201 men, 189 women), 17–70 years, corresponding in age and number of representatives of different generations to respondents from sample 1. Methods: questionnaire, including socio-demographic data and borrowing experience, “Debt behavior express inventory”. For sample 2, additionally the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and questionnaire “Attitude of the individual to the epidemiological threat” by T. A. Nestik. Results. For generations of baby boomers, X, Y, there are similar changes in readiness for debt behavior in all areas: borrowing, lending and fulfilling obligations. Compared to the respondents surveyed before the beginning of the pandemic, there are significantly higher values (Student’s t-test, p <0.01) on the scale of “condemnation of borrowers” and significantly lower values on the “rationality of debt behavior” and “avoidance of debt” scales. The difference between generations in experiencing an epidemiological threat is the difference between generation Z and older generations. It is shown that the higher the fear of a worsening economic situation as a result of COVID-19 is, the lower the willingness to both borrow and lend is, and the higher the confidence in one’s ability to cope with difficulties and empathy for others during the pandemic are, the greater the readiness to fulfill debt obligations is.

Bone-marrow MR imaging before and after autologous marrow transplantation in lymphoma patients without known bone-marrow involvement

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 896-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Lien ◽  
V. Blomlie ◽  
A. K. Blystad ◽  
H. Holte ◽  
R. Langholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Bone Marrow Involvement ◽  
Time Inversion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Purpose: To study lumbar bone marrow by means of MR imaging before and after bone-marrow transplantation in lymphoma patients. Particular emphasis was paid to heterogeneity and to focal manifestations, i.e. appearances that could simulate tumor. Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients who were disease-free for a minimum of 30 months after transplantation were studied in 107 MR examinations. Two radiologists visually evaluated coronal T1-weighted and short inversion time inversion-recovery (STIR) images. Results: T1-weighted images demonstrated a more heterogeneous marrow after transplantation than before it. Sharply defined focal low signal intensity areas appeared on this sequence in 5 (23%) of the 22 patients at between 21 and 60 weeks after transplantation. The mean age of these 5 patients was 48.4 years (range 42–54 years). The difference in age between these 5 patients and the remaining 17 patients, who had a mean age of 33.4 years (range 14–51 years), was statistically significant (p < 0.01, Student's t-test, 2-sided test). Conclusion: Sharply defined focal low signal intensity areas may be seen on T1-weighted images of bone marrow in patients who are in complete remission after transplantation, particularly in those aged over 40–45 years.

scholarly journals Tensile Testing with Cyclic Strain Holding to Analyze Dynamic Recrystallization of Pure Lead

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mayu Muramatsu ◽  
Motomichi Koyama ◽  
Ikumu Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Recrystallization ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Pure Lead ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Strain Responses

We analyzed the dynamic recrystallization of pure lead by tensile testing with cyclic strain holding at room temperature. The specimens were held at an identical strain and subsequently reloaded, providing the strength before and after the strain holding process. The difference in strength enables factors affecting dynamic recrystallization behavior to be analyzed through mechanical testing. For instance, the effects of strain rate on dynamic recrystallization were analyzed by comparing the results obtained from tensile tests with and without strain holding. This experimental technique demonstrated some parts of contribution of elastic strain, dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization, and necking to stress-strain responses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effectiveness of self-massage in dysmenorrhea/ Ocena efektywności automasażu w redukcji bólu menstruacyjnego kobiet

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Anna Dobrzycka ◽  
Iwona Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Menstrual Pain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Average Pain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Primary menstrual pain affects approximately 45-95% of women between 20-25 years of age. A non-invasive method in reducing menstrual pain by relaxing muscle tension is a massage. It brings the structural tension to normal levels and restores correct blood flow in the pelvic region. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of a self-massage in reducing the primary menstrual pain. Materials and methods: Out of 180 female students, 34 women aged 19-30 were qualified for the study with the use of a survey. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire and visual analog pain scale (VAS) were used for the assessment before and after the therapy. Women in the experimental group performed tensegrity selfmassage a few days before the onset of bleeding for two menstrual cycles. Results were analyzed using Student’s t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Applying the self-massage statistically proved to significantly reduce the perception of pain (p=0.001) and the number of days with pain (p=0.007) in the experimental group. Within this group, the difference was noted in all participants except one. In addition, a third measurement was taken in order to assess the duration of the effect. The result of the average pain and number of days of pain after the extension was higher than in the second evaluation, but significantly lower than before the experiment. The significance was in accordance with the evaluation of pain, p=0.002 and number of days p=0.03. Evaluation of the quality of sleep in the experimental group was significantly better (p = 0.04) than before treatment. Conclusions: Self-massage reduces primary menstrual pain in women and can be used as an assisted form of self-therapy. It improves the quality of sleep.

Heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid components of the glycocalyx do not play a role in flow-mediated dilation of the iliac in the anaesthetized pig

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 746-752
Author(s):  
T. Ruane-O’Hora ◽  
D. O’Malley ◽  
M.M. Buckley ◽  
F. Markos
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilation ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Shear Stress Sensor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

The shear-stress sensor function of vascular glycocalyx heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid was investigated in vivo by assessing flow-mediated dilation before and after their removal. Heparinase III exposure (100 mU·mL−1 for 20 min;n = 6) did not significantly affect flow-mediated dilation of the iliac, from 0.42 ± 0.08 mm (mean ± SEM) to 0.34 ± 0.07 mm after (P = 0.12; paired Student’s t test) for a statistically similar increase in shear stress; 18.24 ± 4.2 N·m−2 for the control and 15.8 ± 3.6 N·m−2 for the heparinase III experiment (P = 0.18). Hyaluronidase exposure (0.14–1.4 mg·mL−1 for 20 min; n = 8) also did not significantly reduce flow-mediated dilation of the iliac, which averaged 0.39 ± 0.08 mm before and 0.38 ± 0.09 mm after (P = 0.11) for a statistically similar increase in shear stress; 11.90 ± 3.20 N·m−2 for the control and 9.8 ± 3.33 N·m−2 for the hyaluronidase experiment (P = 0.88). Removal of both heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Neither the heparan sulphate nor the hyaluronic acid components of the glycocalyx mediate shear-stress-induced vasodilation in conduit arteries in vivo.

scholarly journals HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES OF A WATERSHED TO VEGETATION CHANGES IN A TROPICAL SEMIARID REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
EUNICE MAIA DE ANDRADE ◽  
RAFAEL DO NASCIMENTO RODRIGUES ◽  
HELBA ARAÚJO DE QUEIROZ PALÁCIO ◽  
JOSÉ BANDEIRA BRASIL ◽  
JACQUES CARVALHO RIBEIRO FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Hydrological Responses ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Precipitation Events ◽  
Student’S T Test

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the effect of vegetation on the runoff coefficients of a Caatinga dry tropical forest before and after thinning. Thus, an experiment was conducted with evaluations in three hydrological years (2008, 2011 and 2013) in Iguatu, State of Ceará, Brazil. In 2008, the vegetation consisted of a 30-year regenerating Caatinga forest. The vegetation was subjected to thinning in 2009, 2011 and 2013, removing trees with less than 10-cm diameter at breast height. Hydrological responses were evaluated as a function of daily precipitation water depths, based on cumulative frequency distribution, by dividing precipitation events into three classes (CP) (CP≤30, 30<CP≤50 and CP>50 mm). Significant differences between runoff coefficients before and after vegetation thinning were assessed through the Student's t-test (p<0.01). Before thinning (2008), CP≤30 mm showed the highest runoff coefficient, differing statistically (p<0.01) from the other years. The results of precipitation events of great magnitude (CP>50 mm) indicate that the runoff is greatly dependent on rainfall characteristics and soil moisture conditions. The greater development of herbaceous vegetation due to thinning reduced the surface runoff.

Detecting Nonlinear Associations, Plus Comments on Testing Hypotheses About the Correlation Coefficient

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rand R. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Zero Correlation ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Nonlinear Associations ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Student’S T Test

Let (Yi,Xi ), i = 1, . . . , n, be a random sample from some p + 1 variate distribution where Xi is a vector of length p. In the social sciences, the most common strategy for detecting an association between Y and the marginal distributions is to test the hypothesis that the corresponding correlations are zero using a standard Student’s t test. There are two practical problems with this strategy. First, for reasons described in the article, there are situations where the correlation between two random variables is zero, but Student’s t test is not even asymptotically correct. In fact, the probability of rejecting can approach one as the sample size gets large, even though the hypothesis of a zero correlation is true. Of course, one can also apply standard methods based on a linear regression model and the least squares estimator, but the same practical problems arise. Second, Student’s t test can miss nonlinear associations. This latter problem is the main motivation for this article. Results of a former study suggest an approach that avoids both of the difficulties just described. Based on simulations, it is found that the Cramér-von Mises form of the test statistic is generally better than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov form. Situations arise where this method has less power than Student’s t test, but this is due in part to t test’s use of an incorrect estimate of the standard error.

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