scholarly journals Marsupial and monotreme milk—a review of its nutrient and immune properties

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9335
Author(s):  
Hayley J. Stannard ◽  
Robert D. Miller ◽  
Julie M. Old
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Feedback Systems ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Nutritional Geometry ◽  
Marsupial Species ◽  
Odor Preferences

All mammals are characterized by the ability of females to produce milk. Marsupial (metatherian) and monotreme (prototherian) young are born in a highly altricial state and rely on their mother’s milk for the first part of their life. Here we review the role and importance of milk in marsupial and monotreme development. Milk is the primary source of sustenance for young marsupials and monotremes and its composition varies at different stages of development. We applied nutritional geometry techniques to a limited number of species with values available to analyze changes in macronutrient composition of milk at different stages. Macronutrient energy composition of marsupial milk varies between species and changes concentration during the course of lactation. As well as nourishment, marsupial and monotreme milk supplies growth and immune factors. Neonates are unable to mount a specific immune response shortly after birth and therefore rely on immunoglobulins, immunological cells and other immunologically important molecules transferred through milk. Milk is also essential to the development of the maternal-young bond and is achieved through feedback systems and odor preferences in eutherian mammals. However, we have much to learn about the role of milk in marsupial and monotreme mother-young bonding. Further research is warranted in gaining a better understanding of the role of milk as a source of nutrition, developmental factors and immunity, in a broader range of marsupial species, and monotremes.

scholarly journals CMV-Specific Immune Response—New Patients, New Insight: Central Role of Specific IgG during Infancy and Long-Lasting Immune Deficiency after Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Zdziarski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Virus Reactivation ◽  
Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Cellular Immune

Although the existing paradigm states that cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is under the control of the cellular immune response, the role of humoral and innate counterparts are underestimated. The study analyzed the host–virus interaction i.e., CMV-immune response evolution during infection in three different clinical situations: (1) immunodeficient CMV-positive human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched bone marrow recipients after immunoablative conditioning as well as immunocompetent, (2) adult, and (3) infant with primary immune response. In the first situation, a fast and significant decrease of specific immunity was observed but reconstitution of marrow-derived B and natural killer (NK) cells was observed prior to thymic origin of T cells. The lowest CMV-IgG (93.2 RU/mL) was found just before CMV viremia. It is noteworthy that the sole and exclusive factor of CMV-specific immune response is a residual recipient antibody class IgG. The CMV-quantiferon increase was detected later, but in the first phase, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced IFN-γ release was significantly lower than that of CMV-induced (“indeterminate” results). It corresponds with the increase of NK cells at the top of lymphocyte reconstitution and undetected CMV-specific CD8 cells using a pentamer technique. In immunocompetent adult (CMV-negative donor), the cellular and humoral immune response increased in a parallel manner, but symptoms of CMV mononucleosis persisted until the increase of specific IgG. During infancy, the decrease of the maternal CMV-IgG level to 89.08 RU/mL followed by clinical sequel, i.e., CMV replication, were described. My observations shed light on a unique host-CMV interaction and CMV-IgG role: they indicate that its significant decrease predicts CMV replication. Before primary cellular immune response development, the high level of residual CMV-IgG (about >100 R/mL) from mother or recipient prevents virus reactivation. The innate immune response and NK-dependent IFN-secretion should be further investigated.

Role of proteasomes in non-specific immune response of marine annelids

2016 ◽  
Vol 471 (1) ◽  
pp. 428-430
Author(s):  
M. V. Stanovova ◽  
P. A. Erokhov ◽  
N. G. Gornostaev ◽  
V. S. Mikhailov ◽  
Yu. V. Lyupina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Specific Immune Response

scholarly journals The Prominent Role of Neutrophils during the Initial Phase of Infection byLeishmaniaParasites

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Charmoy ◽  
Floriane Auderset ◽  
Cindy Allenbach ◽  
Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Focus Of Infection

Neutrophils are rapidly and massively recruited to the site ofLeishmaniainoculation, where they phagocytose the parasites, some of which are able to survive within these first host cells. Neutrophils can thus provide a transient safe shelter for the parasites, prior to their entry into macrophages where they will replicate. In addition, neutrophils release and synthesize rapidly several factors including cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism involved in their rapid recruitment to the site of parasite inoculation, as well as the putative consequences of their massive presence on the microenvironment of the focus of infection will be discussed in the context of the development of theLeishmania-specific immune response.

scholarly journals Role of Innate Immunity against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections and Effect of Adjuvants in Promoting Specific Immune Response

Viruses ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 2624-2642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Amador-Molina ◽  
José Hernández-Valencia ◽  
Edmundo Lamoyi ◽  
Adriana Contreras-Paredes ◽  
Marcela Lizano
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Specific Immune Response

scholarly journals Sarcoidosis induced by a color tattoo

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 74-76
Author(s):  
Igor Yu. Golousenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Antigenic Material

Тhe article describes a case of skin sarcoidosis that began 3 years later at the site of a colored tattoo with further involvement of the intra-thoracic lymph nodes and pulmonary interstitium in the pathological process. Data on the composition of paints used for tattooing, the role of deposition of antigenic material in the der-mis, leading to a specific immune response, are presented. The clinic and diagnosis of this form of sarcoidosis are described in detail.

scholarly journals CMV-Specific Immune Reconstitution after Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation: Central Role of Specific IgG in Immunodefense Against CMV Reactivation as a Leading Parameter during Profound and Long-Lasting Immune Deficiency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Zdziarski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Cmv Reactivation

Although the existing paradigm states that CMV reactivation is under control of cellular immune response, the role of humoral counterpart is underestimated. Anti-CMV positive woman after conditioning with Bu-Flu-ATG underwent stem cell transplantation from fully matched, seronegative sibling donor. In immunodeficient recipient fast and significant decrease of specific immune response was observed but reconstitution of marrow-derived B and NK cells was prior thymic origin T cells. The lowest CMV-IgG(89 U/ml) was observed just before CMV viremia. Noteworthy, the sole and exclusive factor of CMV-specific immune response is a residual recipient antibody class IgG. The CMV-quantiferon increase was observed later, but in the first phase immune reconstitution of the PHA-induced IFNγ release was significantly lower than that CMV-induced. It corresponds with NK cells increase at the top of lymphocyte reconstitution and undetected CMV-specific CD8 cells by pentamer technique. Most of NK cells are CD16+, thus are stimulated by residual IgG. In immunocompetent donor the cellular and humoral immune response increases in parallel manner but symptoms of CMV mononucleosis were observed till the increase of specific IgG. Our observations shed light on a unique host-CMV interaction: indicate that significant decrease of CMV-IgG is a good predictor for CMV reactivation during secondary immunodeficiency.

Tissue-specific immune response: the role of innate immunity in small bowel and heart transplantation

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 2566-2567
Author(s):  
B. Dresske ◽  
N. Zavazava ◽  
K. Brötzmann ◽  
B. Kremer ◽  
F. Fändrich
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Tissue Specific

scholarly journals Role of Neutrophils in the Early Shaping of the Leishmania major Specific Immune Response in Experimental Murine Cutaneous Leish

2012 ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Martino ◽  
Edgar Badell ◽  
Nathalie Winter ◽  
Mélanie Charmoy ◽  
Geneviève Milon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Specific Immune Response
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