scholarly journals Organic eutrophication increases resistance of the pulsating soft coral Xenia umbellata to warming

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9182
Author(s):  
Svea Vollstedt ◽  
Nan Xiang ◽  
Susana Marcela Simancas-Giraldo ◽  
Christian Wild
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Glucose Addition

Recent research indicates that hard corals in a process that is termed phase shift are often replaced by soft corals in reefs. The simultaneous occurrence of local (i.e. organic eutrophication as highly under-investigated parameter) and global (i.e. ocean warming) factors may facilitate these phase shifts as hard corals are negatively affected by both ocean warming and organic eutrophication. Knowledge about soft coral responses to environmental change remains incomplete, although these organisms are becoming important players in reefs. The present study thus investigated the individual and combined effects of organic eutrophication (as glucose addition) and warming on the ecological data of the pulsating soft coral Xenia umbellata. We assessed health status, growth and pulsation rates of soft corals in a 45 day aquarium experiment, with first manipulation of organic eutrophication (no, low, medium and high glucose addition) over 21 days followed by step-wise increases in water temperature from 26 to 32 °C over 24 days. Findings revealed that glucose addition did not affect health status, growth and pulsation rates of the investigated soft corals. Under simulated ocean warming, soft corals that had experienced organic eutrophication before, maintained significantly higher pulsation rates (averaging 22 beats per minute—bpm) and no mortality compared to the controls that showed a decrease of 56% (averaging 15 bpm) in pulsation rates and mortality of 30% at water temperatures of 32 °C compared to 26 °C. This apparently positive effect of organic eutrophication on the ecological data of soft corals under an ocean warming scenario decreased with increasing water temperature. This study thus indicates that (a) organic eutrophication as additional energy source up to a certain threshold may increase the resistance of soft corals to ocean warming and (b) pulsation rates of soft corals may be used as inexpensive, easily detectable, and non-invasive early warning indicator for ocean warming effects on benthic reef communities. When comparing findings of this study for soft corals with previous results for hard corals, it can be assumed that soft corals under the predicted increases of organic eutrophication and warming gain more and more competitive advantages. This may further facilitate phase shifts from hard to soft corals in warming reefs.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis and respiration of the soft coral Xenia umbellata respond to warming but not to organic carbon eutrophication

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11663
Author(s):  
Susana Marcela Simancas-Giraldo ◽  
Nan Xiang ◽  
Meghan Moger Kennedy ◽  
Rassil Nafeh ◽  
Edoardo Zelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Eutrophication with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a far under-investigated stressor, and ocean warming, can strongly affect coral reefs and hard corals as major reefs ecosystem engineers. However, no previous studies have investigated the metabolic responses of soft corals to DOC eutrophication, or its interaction with ocean warming. Thus, we investigated respiration and photosynthesis response of Xenia umbellata, a common mixotrophic soft coral from the Indo-pacific, to (1) three levels of DOC eutrophication simulated by glucose addition over the first 21 days of experiment and (2) ocean warming scenarios where the temperature was gradually increased from 26 °C (control condition) to 32 °C over another 24 days in an aquarium experiment. We found no significant difference in response to DOC treatments and all corals survived regardless of the DOC concentrations, whilst subsequent exposure to simulated ocean warming significantly decreased gross photosynthesis by approximately 50% at 30 °C, and 65% at 32 °C, net photosynthesis by 75% at 30 °C and 79% at 32 °C, and respiration by a maximum of 75% at 30 °C; with a slight increase at 32 °C of 25%. The ratio between gross photosynthesis and respiration decreased by the end of the warming period but remained similar between controls and colonies previously exposed to DOC. Our findings suggest that soft corals may be more resistant than hard corals to DOC eutrophication and in consequence, may potentially experiment in less magnitude the negative effects of increased temperature or subsequently both stressors. The results of this study may contribute to explain the successful role of soft corals in phase shifts as reported from many coral reefs. Where predicted declines in reef ecosystems health due to increased eutrophication levels can be exacerbated by future warming.

scholarly journals Abundance and physiology of dominant soft corals linked to water quality in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunilla Baum ◽  
Indra Januar ◽  
Sebastian C.A. Ferse ◽  
Christian Wild ◽  
Andreas Kunzmann
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Ets Activity ◽  
Photosynthetic Yield ◽  
Thousand Islands

Declining water quality is one of the main reasons of coral reef degradation in the Thousand Islands off the megacity Jakarta, Indonesia. Shifts in benthic community composition to higher soft coral abundances have been reported for many degraded reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific. However, it is not clear to what extent soft coral abundance and physiology are influenced by water quality. In this study, live benthic cover and water quality (i.e. dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN), turbidity (NTU), and sedimentation) were assessed at three sites (< 20 km north of Jakarta) in Jakarta Bay (JB) and five sites along the outer Thousand Islands (20–60 km north of Jakarta). This was supplemented by measurements of photosynthetic yield and, for the first time, respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity of two dominant soft coral genera,Sarcophytonspp. andNephtheaspp. Findings revealed highly eutrophic water conditions in JB compared to the outer Thousand Islands, with 44% higher DIN load (7.65 μM/L), 67% higher NTU (1.49 NTU) and 47% higher sedimentation rate (30.4 g m−2d−1). Soft corals were the dominant type of coral cover within the bay (2.4% hard and 12.8% soft coral cover) compared to the outer Thousand Islands (28.3% hard and 6.9% soft coral cover). Soft coral abundances, photosynthetic yield, and ETS activity were highly correlated with key water quality parameters, particularly DIN and sedimentation rates. The findings suggest water quality controls the relative abundance and physiology of dominant soft corals in JB and may thus contribute to phase shifts from hard to soft coral dominance, highlighting the need to better manage water quality in order to prevent or reverse phase shifts.

scholarly journals Species Diversity and Secondary Metabolites of Sarcophyton-Associated Marine Fungi

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3227
Author(s):  
Yuanwei Liu ◽  
Kishneth Palaniveloo ◽  
Siti Aisyah Alias ◽  
Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Indole Alkaloids ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites

Soft corals are widely distributed across the globe, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, with Sarcophyton being one of the most abundant genera. To date, there have been 50 species of identified Sarcophyton. These soft corals host a diverse range of marine fungi, which produce chemically diverse, bioactive secondary metabolites as part of their symbiotic nature with the soft coral hosts. The most prolific groups of compounds are terpenoids and indole alkaloids. Annually, there are more bio-active compounds being isolated and characterised. Thus, the importance of the metabolite compilation is very much important for future reference. This paper compiles the diversity of Sarcophyton species and metabolites produced by their associated marine fungi, as well as the bioactivity of these identified compounds. A total of 88 metabolites of structural diversity are highlighted, indicating the huge potential these symbiotic relationships hold for future research.

Glycolytic component of rat spermatid energy and acid-base metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (4) ◽  
pp. C660-C667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Reyes ◽  
M. V. Velarde ◽  
R. Ugarte ◽  
D. J. Benos
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Atp Content ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Glucose Addition ◽  
Intracellular Atp ◽  
Acid Diffusion ◽  
Glucose Analogues ◽  
The Impact

The impact of glycolysis on rat spermatid energy metabolism is made apparent by the simultaneous occurrence of the following three events upon glucose addition to the extracellular medium of a rat spermatid cell suspension: decrease in ATP content, exit of acid equivalents, and increased lactate production and efflux. In this work, we have studied the interrelations between these three phenomena. By measuring ATP content, net acid transport, lactate exit, oxygen consumption, intracellular pH, CO2 production, and glycolytic intermediates in the presence of glucose and glucose analogues, we conclude that 1) lactate production, decrease in ATP content, and acid equivalent exit are dependent on the metabolism of glucose up to different stages in glycolysis. 2) The decrease in ATP content is not directly related to the exit of acid equivalents from rat spermatids. 3) Glucose metabolism is a net ATP-consuming process at high intracellular ATP content but is a net ATP-producing process at low intracellular ATP concentration in rat spermatids. 4) Acid equivalent production arises from the metabolism of glucose beyond glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 5) Lactic acid diffusion and/or lactate transport and CO2 production and exit could account for the glucose-dependent acid equivalent efflux in rat spermatids.

Studies of Australian soft corals. VI - a new cembranolide diterpene from the soft coral lobophytum crassum

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (41) ◽  
pp. 3661-3662 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.F. Bowden ◽  
J.A. Brittle ◽  
J.C. Coll ◽  
N. Liyanage ◽  
S.J. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Coral ◽  
Soft Corals

Studies of Australian soft corals. IX. A novel nor-diterpene from the soft coral Sinularia leptoclados

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Bowden ◽  
JC Coll ◽  
SJ Mitchell ◽  
J Mulder ◽  
GJ Stokie
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
X Ray

The structure of a novel nor-cembranoid diterpene of formula C19H24O6 (1) is reported. The compound was extracted from the soft coral Sinularia leptoclados, and spectroscopic data were collected on the parent compound (1) and a series of derivatives. It was not possible to assign an unambiguous structure on purely spectroscopic grounds, and so single-crystal X-ray analysis was used to prove the structure (1): (4R*,8S*,11R*,13S*,14R*)-14-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-11-methyl-6,9-dioxo-8,11-epoxycyclotetradec-1-ene-1,13-carbolactone.

scholarly journals Physiological resilience of a temperate soft coral to ocean warming and acidification

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Lopes ◽  
Filipa Faleiro ◽  
Inês C. Rosa ◽  
Marta S. Pimentel ◽  
Katja Trubenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Coral ◽  
Ocean Warming

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Soft Coral Steroids and Their Pharmacological Activities

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Ermolenko ◽  
Andrey B. Imbs ◽  
Tatyana A. Gloriozova ◽  
Vladimir V. Poroikov ◽  
Tatyana V. Sikorskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Steroid Glycosides ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Activities

The review is devoted to the chemical diversity of steroids produced by soft corals and their determined and potential activities. There are about 200 steroids that belong to different types of steroids such as secosteroids, spirosteroids, epoxy- and peroxy-steroids, steroid glycosides, halogenated steroids, polyoxygenated steroids and steroids containing sulfur or nitrogen heteroatoms. Of greatest interest is the pharmacological activity of these steroids. More than 40 steroids exhibit antitumor and related activity with a confidence level of over 90 percent. A group of 32 steroids shows anti-hypercholesterolemic activity with over 90 percent confidence. Ten steroids exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and 20 steroids can be classified as respiratory analeptic drugs. Several steroids exhibit rather rare and very specific activities. Steroids exhibit anti-osteoporotic properties and can be used to treat osteoporosis, as well as have strong anti-eczemic and anti-psoriatic properties and antispasmodic properties. Thus, this review is probably the first and exclusive to present the known as well as the potential pharmacological activities of 200 marine steroids.

scholarly journals Isolation and structure elucidation of natural products of three soft corals and a sponge from the coast of Madagascar

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2593-2608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Pascaline Rahelivao ◽  
Tilo Lübken ◽  
Margit Gruner ◽  
Olga Kataeva ◽  
Rahanira Ralambondrahety ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Soft Corals

The Madagascan soft coralCapnella fungiformisprovided the two diastereoisomeric ethyl furancarboxylates1and2and the diepoxyguaiane sesquiterpene oxyfungiformin (3).

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