scholarly journals A new small device made of glass for separating microplastics from marine and freshwater sediments

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakajima ◽  
Masashi Tsuchiya ◽  
Dhugal J. Lindsay ◽  
Tomo Kitahashi ◽  
Katsunori Fujikura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Freshwater Sediments ◽  
Rapid Separation ◽  
New Device ◽  
Density Separation ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Small Device ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Glass Separator

Separating microplastics from marine and freshwater sediments is challenging, but necessary to determine their distribution, mass, and ecological impacts in benthic environments. Density separation is commonly used to extract microplastics from sediments by using heavy salt solutions, such as zinc chloride and sodium iodide. However, current devices/apparatus used for density separation, including glass beakers, funnels, upside-down funnel-shaped separators with a shut-off valve, etc., possess various shortcomings in terms of recovery rate, time consumption, and/or usability. In evaluating existing microplastic extraction methods using density separation, we identified the need for a device that allows rapid, simple, and efficient extraction of microplastics from a range of sediment types. We have developed a small glass separator, without a valve, taking a hint from an Utermöhl chamber. This new device is easy to clean and portable, yet enables rapid separation of microplastics from sediments. With this simple device, we recovered 94–98% of <1,000 µm microplastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene). Overall, the device is efficient for various sizes, polymer types, and sediment types. Also, microplastics collected with this glass-made device remain chemically uncontaminated, and can, therefore, be used for further analysis of adsorbing contaminants and additives on/to microplastics.

A Novel Framework for Efficient Extraction of Meaningful Key Frames From Surveillance Video

2019 ◽  
pp. 342-359
Author(s):  
Suresh Chandra Raikwar ◽  
Charul Bhatnagar ◽  
Anand Singh Jalal
Keyword(s):  
Computational Cost ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Surveillance Video ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Key Frame Extraction ◽  
Key Frame ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Key Frames ◽  
Edge Histogram

The key frame extraction, aimed at reducing the amount of information from a surveillance video for analysis by human. The key frame is an important frame of a video to provide an overview of the video. Extraction of key frames from surveillance video is of great interest in effective monitoring and later analysis of video. The computational cost of the existing methods of key frame extraction is very high. The proposed method is a framework for Key frame extraction from a long surveillance video with significantly reduced computational cost. The proposed framework incorporates human intelligence in the process of key frame extraction. The results of proposed framework are compared with the results of IMARS (IBM multimedia analysis and retrieval system), results of the key frame extraction methods based on entropy difference method, spatial color distribution method and edge histogram descriptor method. The proposed framework has been objectively evaluated by fidelity. The experimental results demonstrate evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF EMERGING METHODS ON THE POLYPHENOL CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND QUALITATIVE PRESENCE OF ACETOGENINS IN SOURSOP PULP (Annona muricata L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (spe) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉS ELOY LEÓN FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
EVA NOEMÍ OBLEDO-VÁZQUEZ ◽  
MARIA DE LOS ANGELES VIVAR-VERA ◽  
SONIA GUADALUPE SÁYAGO AYERDI ◽  
EFIGENIA MONTALVO-GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Polyphenol Content ◽  
Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to obtain extracts from soursop pulp that were obtained with different solvents (chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate and water) and different extraction methods (soxhlet, sonication and microwave), and analysed their extractable polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity and qualitative presence of acetogenins. The most efficient extraction method to obtain extractable polyphenols with high values of scavenging capacity by DPPH was sonication followed by microwave when methanol was used. The acetogenins were detected only in chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts obtained by the three extraction methods. Sonication or microwave was effective to obtain acetogenins or phenolic extracts in greater quantity than reported in soursop pulp, in a short time and few solvent.

scholarly journals Development of Green and Efficient Extraction Methods of Quercetin from Red Onion Scales Wastes Using Factorial Design for Method Optimization: A Comparative Study

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Heba-Alla H. Abd-ElSalam ◽  
Mohammed Gamal ◽  
Ibrahim A. Naguib ◽  
Medhat A. Al-Ghobashy ◽  
Hala E. Zaazaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Method Optimization ◽  
Efficient Extraction

Waste resulting from edible plants is considered one of the best sources of valuable phytochemicals. A promising approach for using these appreciated wastes is extracting precious medically important constituents, for example, free quercetin. Two new cost-effective and green extraction methods are introduced in the present study: ultrasound-assisted glycerol extraction (UAGE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). These extraction protocols are optimized using factorial design to define the highest yield of extraction, and HPLC-UV at 370 nm was used as a method of yield analysis. Quercetin remained stable during the whole process in both extraction protocols. A standard addition technique was performed to quantify quercetin in different extracts and eliminate the matrix effect. In UAGE and MAE, extraction yields were 16.55 ± 0.81 and 27.20 ± 1.55 mg/1g from red onion scales on a dry base, respectively. The amount of quercetin extracted using MAE was superior to UAGE in terms of time and yield. A greenness assessment of the offered studies compared to previously published relevant extraction methods was performed using the analytical eco-scale assessment method (ESA) and national environmental methods index (NEMI). MAE showed to be a greener method with a higher ESA score and a greener NEMI pictogram.

scholarly journals Extraction and Identification of a Wide Range of Microplastic Polymers in Soil and Compost

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4069
Author(s):  
Franja Prosenc ◽  
Pia Leban ◽  
Urška Šunta ◽  
Mojca Bavcon Kralj
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Density Separation ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Number Of Particles

Microplastic pollution is globally widespread; however, the presence of microplastics in soil systems is poorly understood, due to the complexity of soils and a lack of standardised extraction methods. Two commonly used extraction methods were optimised and compared for the extraction of low-density (polyethylene (PE)) and high-density microplastics (polyethylene (PET)), olive-oil-based extraction, and density separation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Comparable recoveries in a low-organic-matter matrix (soil; most >98%) were observed, but in a high-organic-matter matrix (compost), density separation yielded higher recoveries (98 ± 4% vs. 80 ± 11%). Density separation was further tested for the extraction of five microplastic polymers spiked at different concentrations. Recoveries were >93% for both soil and compost, with no differences between matrices and individual polymers. Reduction in levels of organic matter in compost was tested before and after extraction, as well as combined. Double oxidation (Fenton’s reagent and 1 M NaOH) exhibited the highest reduction in organic matter. Extracted microplastic polymers were further identified via headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). This method has shown the potential for descriptive quantification of microplastic polymers. A linear relationship between the number of particles and the signal response was demonstrated for PET, polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and PE (R2 > 0.98 in alluvial soil, and R2 > 0.80 in compost). The extraction and identification methods were demonstrated on an environmental sample of municipal biowaste compost, with the recovery of 36 ± 9 microplastic particles per 10 g of compost, and the detection of PS and PP.

scholarly journals Determination of Chromones in Dysophylla stellata by HPLC: Method Development, Validation and Comparison of Different Extraction Methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raju Gautam ◽  
Amit Srivastava ◽  
Sanjay M. Jachak
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Method Development And Validation ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Hplc Method Development ◽  
Development And Validation

An HPLC method with reflux as an efficient extraction method has been developed for quantification of chromones in Dysophylla stellata Benth. Separation was achieved on a C18 column with a mobile phase of 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid in water (A), and ACN (B) under gradient elution at 1 mL/min. Chromones (1 and 2) isolated from D. stellata were used as standards for method development and validation was achieved according to ICH guidelines. Extracts prepared by three different methods [reflux, ultrasonication and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)] were used for analysis by the validated method. The proposed HPLC method is simple, accurate and selective for the separation and quantification of chromones in D. stellata.

Evaluation of Efficient Extraction Methods for Recovery of Photosynthetic Pigments from Microalgae

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ilavarasi ◽  
D. Pandiaraj ◽  
D. MubarakAli ◽  
M.H. Mohammed Ilyas ◽  
N. Thajuddin
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Efficient Extraction

scholarly journals A new method for Espresso Coffee brewing: Caffè Firenze

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Parenti ◽  
Lorenzo Guerrini ◽  
Piernicola Masella ◽  
Riccardo Dainelli ◽  
Paolo Spugnoli
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
New Device ◽  
Extraction Chamber ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Espresso Coffee ◽  
Pressure Water

Espresso coffee is the most popular choice for Italian coffee consumers. It has been estimated that every day, in the world, over of 50 million of Espresso cups are taken. As a consequence of this success, a large number of devices to make Espresso have been developed. In this scenario, a new device has been recently developed and patented (Eu. Patent 06 023 798.9; US 2010/0034942 A1). This brew method, named “Caffè Firenze”, uses a sealed extraction chamber, where water and gas provides pressure higher than the other extraction methods. Three main parts compose the apparatus: the gas source, the extraction chamber and the heat exchanger. The gas source provides the pressured gas required to raise the pressure of the system. The extraction chamber is made with chrome-brass and accessorized with two heating glow plugs. Many are the factors affecting Espresso quality: it is known that, coffee type, roasting conditions and degree, grinding and storage strongly affect the obtained brew. Also, several studies have been carried out on the effect of the setting parameters on quality, for example water pressure, water temperature, and brew time. Among the characteristics that determine Espresso quality, the main attribute for the visual analysis is, without doubts, the foam, also called “crema”. Indeed, height, aspect, and persistency of foam are features much appreciates by consumers. Two distinguish Espresso foam parameters are the persistency and foam index. Equipping a commercial bar machine with the new designed extraction chamber makes feasible the comparison between the traditional way to brew Espresso and the new device. The comparison was made holding the previous mentioned conditions, and differences were evaluated in terms of physical parameters and aromatic profiles. Caffè Firenze shows pronounced differences compared with traditional Espresso in term of foam-related parameters. Also, the new extraction device produces coffees with higher values of body-related parameters, such density and viscosity. The two kinds of Espressos are perceived different at visual analysis and taste by a panel test.

scholarly journals Variation in Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Flos Chrysanthemi indici Essential Oil under Different Extraction Methods

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Liang Jing ◽  
Rui-Huan Huang ◽  
Yan Su ◽  
Yi-Qiang Li ◽  
Cheng-Sheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Retention Indices ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Hyphal Morphology ◽  
Efficient Extraction

Flos Chrysanthemi indici, an important medicinal and aromatic plant in China, is considered to have many different preservative and pharmacological properties. Considering the capability of essential oils (EOs), the present study is conducted to compare different extraction methods in order to improve yield and biological activities. Hydro-distillation (HD), steam-distillation (SD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are employed to prepare EOs from Flos Chrysanthemi indici. A total of 71 compounds are assigned by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in comparison with retention indices. These include 32 (HD), 16 (SD), 31 (SFME) and 38 (SFE) compounds. Major constituents of EOs differ according to the extraction methods were heptenol, tricosane, camphor, borneol, and eucalyptol. EOs extracted by SFME exhibit higher antioxidant activity. All EOs show varying degrees of antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.0625 to 0.125 mg/mL and SFME and SFE prove to be efficient extraction methods. EOs alter the hyphal morphology of Alternaria alternata, with visible bumps forming on the mycelium. Overall, these results indicate that the extraction method can significantly influence the composition and biological activity of EOs and SFME and SFE are outstanding methods to extract EOs with high yield and antimicrobial activity.

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