scholarly journals Full genome sequence analysis of a 1-7-4-like PRRSV strain in Fujian Province, China

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiankui Liu ◽  
Chunhua Wei ◽  
Zhifeng Lin ◽  
Wei Xia ◽  
Ying Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Swine Herd ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Prrsv Strain ◽  
Deletion Pattern

PRRS virus (PRRSV) has undergone rapid evolution and resulted in immense economic losses worldwide. In the present study, a PRRSV strain named FJ0908 causing high abortion rate (25%) and mortality (40%) was detected in a swine herd in China. To determine if a new PRRSV genotype had emerged, we characterized the genetic characteristics of FJ0908. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that FJ0908 was related to 1-7-4-like strains circulating in the United States since 2014. Furthermore, the ORF5 sequence restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of FJ0908 was 1-7-4. Additionally, FJ0908 had a 100 aa deletion (aa329–428) within nsp2, as compared to VR-2332, and the deletion pattern was consistent with most of 1-7-4 PRRSVs. Collectively, the data of this study contribute to the understanding of 1-7-4-like PRRSV molecular epidemiology in China.

scholarly journals Implementation of PRRSV status classification system in swine breeding herds from a large integrated group in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Torrents ◽  
J. Miranda ◽  
R. Pedrazuela ◽  
P. C. Gauger ◽  
A. Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Systematic Monitoring ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic swine disease causing significant productive and economic losses. Knowledge of PRRS epidemiology is crucial to develop control strategies against this disease. In that regard, classifying farms according to PRRS virus (PRRSV) shedding and exposure, and understanding key drivers of change in status over time, provides great applied knowledge for developing disease control programs. In most European countries, PRRSV monitoring is performed most frequently at the individual farm level although criteria selected for monitoring varies among different regions and farms. The aim of this study was to implement a systematic monitoring program for PRRSV in Spanish sow farms. Breeding herds were classified according to a standardized PRRSV infection status using sampling programs and terminology currently adopted in the United States (US), which allowed an evaluation of PRRSV epidemiology in a large integrated Spanish group during a one-year study period (February 2017–March 2018). Results Fifteen farms achieved a stable PRRSV status after the first 4 consecutive samplings and 20 farms were classified as unstable. One of the farms maintained a stable status throughout the duration of the whole monitoring period. Among the 20 farms classified as unstable at the beginning of the monitoring protocol, 9 farms (45%) never reached the stable status and 11 farms (55%) reached stable status afterwards during the monitoring study period. From PRRSV PCR positive pools, there were 47 different PRRSV nucleotide sequences from 24 different farms. More than one PRRSV sequence was obtained from 15 farms. In the farms with more than one sequence detected, we observed recirculation of the same PRRSV field strain in 7 farms and introduction of a different PRRSV strain in 5 farms and both events in 3 farms. Conclusions Systematic monitoring for PRRSV in breeding herds established a basis of knowledge of PRRSV epidemiology at the farm level and provided key data to classify farms according to PRRSV exposure and shedding status. These data allow further evaluation of the impact of the PRRSV farm status on production and economic performance in breeding herds and additional investigation of factors related to PRRSV epidemiology.

scholarly journals Origin, Evolution, and Virulence of Porcine Deltacoronaviruses in the United States

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanmei Ma ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Xueya Liang ◽  
Fangfei Lou ◽  
Michael Oglesbee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

ABSTRACTA novel porcine deltacoronavirus (PdCV) was first discovered in Ohio and Indiana in February 2014, rapidly spread to other states in the United States and Canada, and caused significant economic loss in the swine industry. The origin and virulence of this novel porcine coronavirus are not known. Here, we characterized U.S. PdCV isolates and determined their virulence in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets. Genome analyses revealed that U.S. PdCV isolates possess unique genetic characteristics and share a close relationship with Hong Kong and South Korean PdCV strains and coronaviruses (CoVs) of Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret-badgers. The PdCV-positive intestinal content (Ohio CVM1) and the cell culture-adapted PdCV Michigan (MI) strain were orally inoculated into gnotobiotic and/or conventional piglets. Within 1 to 3 days postinfection, profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration were observed. Clinical signs were associated with epithelial necrosis in the gastric pits and small intestine, the latter resulting in severe villous atrophy. Mild interstitial pneumonia was identified in the lungs of PdCV-infected piglets. High levels of viral RNA (8 to 11 log RNA copies/g) were detected in intestinal tissues/luminal contents and feces of infected piglets, whereas moderate RNA levels (2 to 5 log RNA copies/g) were detected in blood, lung, liver, and kidney, indicating multisystemic dissemination of the virus. Polyclonal immune serum against PdCV but not immune serum against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) reacted with PdCV-infected small-intestinal epithelial cells, indicating that PdCV is antigenically distinct from PEDV. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that PdCV caused severe gastrointestinal diseases in swine.IMPORTANCEPorcine coronaviruses (CoVs) are major viral infectious diseases of swine. Examples of porcine CoVs include porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). In February 2014, another porcine CoV, porcine deltacoronavirus (PdCV), emerged in Ohio and Indiana and subsequently spread rapidly across the United States and Canada,causing significant economic losses. Here, we report the detailed genetic characterization, phylogeny, and virulence of emergent PdCV strains in the United States. We found that PdCV caused severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets, signs that were clinically indistinguishable from those caused by PEDV and TGEV. In addition to extensive intestinal lesions, PdCV caused significant lesions in the stomach and mild pulmonary lesions that have not been reported for TGEV and PEDV. The finding that PdCV is a significant enteric disease of swine highlights the need to develop effective measures to control this disease.

scholarly journals The Economic Effects of COVID-19 on the Producers of Ethanol, Corn, Gasoline, and Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Schmitz ◽  
Charles B. Moss ◽  
Troy G. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare Economic ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Corn Ethanol ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Total Oil

AbstractThe COVID-19 crisis created large economic losses for corn, ethanol, gasoline, and oil producers and refineries both in the United States and worldwide. We extend the theory used by Schmitz, A., C. B. Moss, and T. G. Schmitz. 2007. “Ethanol: No Free Lunch.” Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 5 (2): 1–28 as a basis for empirical estimation of the effect of COVID-19. We estimate, within a welfare economic cost-benefit framework that, at a minimum, the producer cost in the United States for these four sectors totals $176.8 billion for 2020. For U.S. oil producers alone, the cost was $151 billion. When world oil is added, the costs are much higher, at $1055.8 billion. The total oil producer cost is $1.03 trillion, which is roughly 40 times the effect on U.S. corn, ethanol, and gasoline producers, and refineries. If the assumed unemployment effects from COVID-19 are taken into account, the total effect, including both producers and unemployed workers, is $212.2 billion, bringing the world total to $1266.9 billion.

scholarly journals Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Eun-Jee Na ◽  
Young-Sik Kim ◽  
Sook-Young Lee ◽  
Yoon-Ji Kim ◽  
Jun-Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Basic Amino Acid ◽  
Histopathological Change ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Genetic Characteristics

Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Extension Plant Pathology: Strengthening Resources to Continue Serving the Public Interest

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 652-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Everts ◽  
L. Osborne ◽  
A. J. Gevens ◽  
S. J. Vasquez ◽  
B. K. Gugino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Extension plant pathologists deliver science-based information that protects the economic value of agricultural and horticultural crops in the United States by educating growers and the general public about plant diseases. Extension plant pathologists diagnose plant diseases and disorders, provide advice, and conduct applied research on local and regional plant disease problems. During the last century, extension plant pathology programs have adjusted to demographic shifts in the U.S. population and to changes in program funding. Extension programs are now more collaborative and more specialized in response to a highly educated clientele. Changes in federal and state budgets and policies have also reduced funding and shifted the source of funding of extension plant pathologists from formula funds towards specialized competitive grants. These competitive grants often favor national over local and regional plant disease issues and typically require a long lead time to secure funding. These changes coupled with a reduction in personnel pose a threat to extension plant pathology programs. Increasing demand for high-quality, unbiased information and the continued reduction in local, state, and federal funds is unsustainable and, if not abated, will lead to a delay in response to emerging diseases, reduce crop yields, increase economic losses, and place U.S. agriculture at a global competitive disadvantage. In this letter, we outline four recommendations to strengthen the role and resources of extension plant pathologists as they guide our nation's food, feed, fuel, fiber, and ornamental producers into an era of increasing technological complexity and global competitiveness.

Online disinformation is greater risk for older users

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
News Source ◽  
The Us ◽  
Older Users ◽  
Special Concern

Significance The growing numbers of senior citizens in the United States, their rapidly increasing adoption of social media and their high levels of voter turnout make their vulnerability to disinformation a matter of special concern. Other advanced democracies likely mirror the US experience. Impacts Older US adults' use of television as their primary news source may provide some bulwark against being targeted by disinformation online. The rapid evolution of news distribution technologies will challenge older adults used to a more slowly changing media landscape. Further research is necessary to determine the causes of age-based vulnerability and levels of resilience.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Human Norovirus Strain from the United States Classified as Genotype GII.P6_GII.6

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Chen ◽  
Shiliang Wang ◽  
Weimin Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Virus Genotype

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genome sequence of a GII.6 norovirus strain detected in a clinical fecal specimen from the United States. The virus genome has a length of 7,547 bp and a GC content of 50.1%. Complete norovirus genotyping of the full-genome sequence identified the virus genotype as GII.P6_GII.6.

scholarly journals Integrated Control of Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot of Sugar Beet with Fungicides and Antagonistic Bacteria

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 718-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kiewnick ◽  
Barry J. Jacobsen ◽  
Andrea Braun-Kiewnick ◽  
Joyce L. A. Eckhoff ◽  
Jerry W. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2, is one of the most damaging sugar beet diseases worldwide and causes significant economic losses in more than 25% of the sugar beet production area in the United States. We report on field trials in the years 1996 to 1999 testing both experimental fungicides and antagonistic Bacillus sp. for their potential to reduce disease severity and increase sugar yield in trials inoculated with R. solani AG 2-2. Fungicides were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting or as band sprays directed at the crown at the four-leaf stage, or four- plus eight-leaf stage, while bacteria were applied at the four-leaf stage only. The fungicides azoxystrobin and tebuconazole reduced crown and root rot disease by 50 to 90% over 3 years when used at rates of 76 to 304 g a.i./ha and 250 g a.i./ha, respectively. The disease index at harvest was reduced and the root and sugar yield increased with azoxystrobin compared with tebuconazole. The combination of azoxystrobin applied at 76 g a.i./ha and the Bacillus isolate MSU-127 resulted in best disease reduction and greatest root and sucrose yield increase.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene N. Ogali ◽  
Lucy W. Wamuyu ◽  
Jacqueline K. Lichoti ◽  
Erick O. Mungube ◽  
Bernard Agwanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Cleavage Site ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Protein Cleavage ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Live Bird

Newcastle disease (ND) is a serious disease of poultry that causes significant economic losses. Despite rampant ND outbreaks that occur annually in Kenya, the information about the NDV circulating in Kenya is still scarce. We report the first countrywide study of NDV in Kenya. Our study is aimed at evaluating the genetic characteristics of Newcastle disease viruses obtained from backyard poultry in farms and live bird markets in different regions of Kenya. We sequenced and analyzed fusion (F) protein gene, including the cleavage site, of the obtained viruses. We aligned and compared study sequences with representative NDV of different genotypes from GenBank. The fusion protein cleavage site of all the study sequences had the motif 112RRQKRFV118 indicating their velogenic nature. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV from various sites in Kenya was highly similar genetically and that it clustered together with NDV of genotype V. The study samples were 96% similar to previous Ugandan and Kenyan viruses grouped in subgenotype Vd This study points to possible circulation of NDV of similar genetic characteristics between backyard poultry farms and live bird markets in Kenya. The study also suggests the possible spread of velogenic NDV between Kenya and Uganda possibly through cross-border live bird trade. Our study provides baseline information on the genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in the Kenyan poultry population. This highlights the need for the ND control programmes to place more stringent measures on cross-border trade of live bird markets and poultry products to prevent the introduction of new strains of NDV that would otherwise be more difficult to control.

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