scholarly journals Differential gene expression in skeletal organic matrix proteins of scleractinian corals associated with mixed aragonite/calcite skeletons under low mMg/Ca conditions

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuko Yuyama ◽  
Tomihiko Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Coral Skeletons ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Acropora Tenuis ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Selective Formation

Although coral skeletons generally comprise aragonite crystals, changes in the molar Mg/Ca ratio (mMg/Ca) in seawater result in the incorporation of calcite crystals. The formation mechanism of aragonite and calcite crystals in the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis was therefore investigated by RNA-seq analysis, using early growth stage calcite (mMg/Ca = 0.5) and aragonite (mMg/Ca = 5.2)-based corals. As a result, 1,287 genes were up-regulated and 748 down-regulated in calcite-based corals. In particular, sixty-eight skeletogenesis-related genes, such as ectin, galaxin, and skeletal aspartic acid-rich protein, were detected as up-regulated, and six genes, such as uncharacterized skeletal organic matrix protein 5, down-regulated, in low-Mg/Ca conditions. Since the number of down-regulated genes associated with the skeletal organic matrix of aragonite skeletons was much lower than that of up-regulated genes, it is thought that corals actively initiate construction of an aragonite skeleton by the skeletal organic matrix in low-Mg/Ca conditions. In addition, different types of skeletal organic matrix proteins, extracellular matrix proteins and calcium ion binding proteins appeared to change their expression in both calcite-formed and normal corals, suggesting that the composition of these proteins could be a key factor in the selective formation of aragonite or calcite CaCO3.

Characterization of the Teeth Skeletal Matrix from Arbacia lixula

2016 ◽  
Vol 672 ◽  
pp. 168-182
Author(s):  
Julia Maxi Kanold ◽  
Françoise Immel ◽  
Arul Marie ◽  
Laurent Plasseraud ◽  
Gérard Alcaraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Arbacia Lixula

The teeth of sea urchins are highly complex composite structures, composed predominantly of high magnesium calcite, and of a minor heterogeneous assemblage of organic macromolecules that are occluded within the mineral. The organic matrix fulfils important functions in mineralization, in addition to giving the mineral phase peculiar mechanical properties, different from that of purely inorganic calcite. Nevertheless, the composition and function of individual components of the organic matrix still remains largely unknown. Up to now, the detailed protein repertoire of teeth from a single sea urchin species (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, order Camarodonta) was investigated. In this study, we characterized for the first time the teeth skeletal matrix of another sea urchin, Arbacia lixula (order Arbacioida). The acetic acid soluble and acetic acid insoluble matrices, namely ASM and AIM respectively, were extracted and characterized with different biochemical methods including mono-dimensional SDS-PAGE, FT-IR spectroscopy, HPAE-PAD for monosaccharide analysis, and finally, proteomics. In spite of the paucity of peptide data, several of them displayed a high abundance of hydrophobic residues, i.e., alanine, glycine and valine, and of the apolar proline. We assert that the alanine- and proline-rich domains are important features of some of the matrix proteins associated to the teeth of sea urchins. None of the known skeletal matrix proteins from S. purpuratus teeth were identified in the organic matrix of A. lixula teeth. This might suggest major differences in teeth matrix protein repertoires of these two species belonging to orders that diverged in the Mesozoic times.

scholarly journals The role of matrix proteins in the control of nacreous layer deposition during pearl formation

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1730) ◽  
pp. 1000-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Liu ◽  
Jiale Li ◽  
Liang Xiang ◽  
Juan Sun ◽  
Guilan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Nacreous Layer ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Pearl Sac ◽  
Pearl Formation

To study the function of pearl oyster matrix proteins in nacreous layer biomineralization in vivo , we examined the deposition on pearl nuclei and the expression of matrix protein genes in the pearl sac during the early stage of pearl formation. We found that the process of pearl formation involves two consecutive stages: (i) irregular calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) deposition on the bare nucleus and (ii) CaCO 3 deposition that becomes more and more regular until the mature nacreous layer has formed on the nucleus. The low-expression level of matrix proteins in the pearl sac during periods of irregular CaCO 3 deposition suggests that deposition may not be controlled by the organic matrix during this stage of the process. However, significant expression of matrix proteins in the pearl sac was detected by day 30–35 after implantation. On day 30, a thin layer of CaCO 3 , which we believe was amorphous CaCO 3 , covered large aragonites. By day 35, the nacreous layer had formed. The whole process is similar to that observed in shells, and the temporal expression of matrix protein genes indicated that their bioactivities were crucial for pearl development. Matrix proteins controlled the crystal phase, shape, size, nucleation and aggregation of CaCO 3 crystals.

scholarly journals Transcriptional and morphological profiling of parvalbumin interneuron subpopulations in the mouse hippocampus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Que ◽  
David Lukacsovich ◽  
Wenshu Luo ◽  
Csaba Földy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Neuronal Identity ◽  
Parvalbumin Interneurons ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Parvalbumin Interneuron ◽  
Cam Profile ◽  
Developmental Domains

AbstractThe diversity reflected by >100 different neural cell types fundamentally contributes to brain function and a central idea is that neuronal identity can be inferred from genetic information. Recent large-scale transcriptomic assays seem to confirm this hypothesis, but a lack of morphological information has limited the identification of several known cell types. In this study, we used single-cell RNA-seq in morphologically identified parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs), and studied their transcriptomic states in the morphological, physiological, and developmental domains. Overall, we find high transcriptomic similarity among PV-INs, with few genes showing divergent expression between morphologically different types. Furthermore, PV-INs show a uniform synaptic cell adhesion molecule (CAM) profile, suggesting that CAM expression in mature PV cells does not reflect wiring specificity after development. Together, our results suggest that while PV-INs differ in anatomy and in vivo activity, their continuous transcriptomic and homogenous biophysical landscapes are not predictive of these distinct identities.

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