scholarly journals Using road patrol data to identify factors associated with carnivore roadkill counts

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samual T. Williams ◽  
Wendy Collinson ◽  
Claire Patterson-Abrolat ◽  
David G. Marneweck ◽  
Lourens H. Swanepoel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Relationship

As the global road network expands, roads pose an emerging threat to wildlife populations. One way in which roads can affect wildlife is wildlife-vehicle collisions, which can be a significant cause of mortality through roadkill. In order to successfully mitigate these problems, it is vital to understand the factors that can explain the distribution of roadkill. Collecting the data required to enable this can be expensive and time consuming, but there is significant potential in partnering with organisations that conduct existing road patrols to obtain the necessary data. We assessed the feasibility of using roadkill data collected daily between 2014 and 2017 by road patrol staff from a private road agency on a 410 km length of the N3 road in South Africa. We modelled the relationship between a set of environmental and anthropogenic variables on the number of roadkill carcasses, using serval (Leptailurus serval) as a model species. We recorded 5.24 serval roadkill carcasses/100 km/year. The number of carcasses was related to season, the amount of wetland, and NDVI, but was not related to any of the anthropogenic variables we included. This suggests that roadkill patterns may differ greatly depending on the ecology of species of interest, but targeting mitigation measures where roads pass through wetlands may help to reduce serval roadkill. Partnering with road agencies for data collection offers powerful opportunities to identify factors related to roadkill distribution and reduce the threats posed by roads to wildlife.

scholarly journals Using road patrol data to identify factors associated with carnivore roadkill counts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samual T Williams ◽  
Wendy Collinson ◽  
Claire Patterson-Abrolat ◽  
David G Marneweck ◽  
Lourens H Swanepoel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Relationship

As the global road network expands, roads pose an emerging threat to wildlife populations. One way in which roads can affect wildlife is wildlife-vehicle collisions, which can be a significant cause of mortality through roadkill. In order to successfully mitigate these problems, it is vital to understand the factors that can explain the distribution of roadkill. Collecting the data required to enable this can be expensive and time consuming, but there is significant potential in partnering with organisations that conduct existing road patrols to obtain the necessary data. We assessed the feasibility of using roadkill data collected daily between 2014 and 2017 by road patrol staff from a private road agency on a 410 km length of the N3 road in South Africa. We modelled the relationship between a set of environmental and anthropogenic variables on the number of roadkill carcasses, using serval (Leptailurus serval) as a model species. We recorded 5.24 serval roadkill carcasses/100 km/year. The number of carcasses was related to season, the amount of wetland, and the number of owls killed on the roads, but was not related to any of the anthropogenic variables we included. This suggests that roadkill patterns may differ greatly depending on the ecology of species of interest, but targeting mitigation measures where roads pass through wetlands may help to reduce serval roadkill. Partnering with road agencies for data collection offers powerful opportunities to identify factors related to roadkill distribution and reduce the threats posed by roads to wildlife.

scholarly journals Using road patrol data to identify factors associated with carnivore roadkill counts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samual T Williams ◽  
Wendy Collinson ◽  
Claire Patterson-Abrolat ◽  
David G Marneweck ◽  
Lourens H Swanepoel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Relationship

As the global road network expands, roads pose an emerging threat to wildlife populations. One way in which roads can affect wildlife is wildlife-vehicle collisions, which can be a significant cause of mortality through roadkill. In order to successfully mitigate these problems, it is vital to understand the factors that can explain the distribution of roadkill. Collecting the data required to enable this can be expensive and time consuming, but there is significant potential in partnering with organisations that conduct existing road patrols to obtain the necessary data. We assessed the feasibility of using roadkill data collected daily between 2014 and 2017 by road patrol staff from a private road agency on a 410 km length of the N3 road in South Africa. We modelled the relationship between a set of environmental and anthropogenic variables on the number of roadkill carcasses, using serval (Leptailurus serval) as a model species. We recorded 5.24 serval roadkill carcasses/100 km/year. The number of carcasses was related to season, the amount of wetland, and the number of owls killed on the roads, but was not related to any of the anthropogenic variables we included. This suggests that roadkill patterns may differ greatly depending on the ecology of species of interest, but targeting mitigation measures where roads pass through wetlands may help to reduce serval roadkill. Partnering with road agencies for data collection offers powerful opportunities to identify factors related to roadkill distribution and reduce the threats posed by roads to wildlife.

scholarly journals Roadkill-Data-Based Identification and Ranking of Mammal Habitats

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Andrius Kučas ◽  
Linas Balčiauskas
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Decision Support Techniques ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Spatial Decision Support ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Ecological Corridor ◽  
As Species ◽  
The Relationship

Wildlife–vehicle collisions, as well as environmental factors that affect collisions and mitigation measures, are usually modelled and analysed in the vicinity of or within roads, while habitat attractiveness to wildlife along with risk to drivers remain mostly underestimated. The main goal of this study was the identification, characterisation, and ranking of mammalian habitats in Lithuania in relation to 2002–2017 roadkill data. We identified habitat patches as areas (varying from 1 to 1488 square kilometres) isolated by neighbouring roads characterised by at least one wildlife–vehicle collision hotspot. We ranked all identified habitats on the basis of land cover, the presence of an ecological corridor, a mammalian pathway, and roadkill hotspot data. A ranking scenario describing both habitat attractiveness to wildlife and the risk to drivers was defined and applied. Ranks for each habitat were calculated using multiple criteria spatial decision support techniques. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify the relationship between habitat ranks, species richness, and land cover classes. Strong relationships were identified and are discussed between the habitat patch ranks in five (out of 28) land cover classes and in eight (out of 28) species (97% of all mammal road kills). We conclude that, along with conventional roadkill hotspot identification, roadkill-based habitat identification and characterisation as well as species richness analysis should be used in road safety infrastructure planning.

scholarly journals Quantification and correlates of tuberculosis stigma along the tuberculosis testing and treatment cascades in South Africa: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Bresenham ◽  
Aaron M. Kipp ◽  
Andrew Medina-Marino
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
System Level ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background South Africa has one of the world’s worst tuberculosis (TB) (520 per 100 000 population) and TB-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics (~ 56% TB/HIV co-infected). While individual- and system-level factors influencing progression along the TB cascade have been identified, the impact of stigma is underexplored and underappreciated. We conducted an exploratory study to 1) describe differences in perceived community-level TB stigma among community members, TB presumptives, and TB patients, and 2) identify factors associated with TB stigma levels among these groups. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in November 2017 at public health care facilities in Buffalo City Metro (BCM) and Zululand health districts, South Africa. Community members, TB presumptives, and TB patients were recruited. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, TB knowledge, health and clinical history, social support, and both HIV and TB stigma. A validated scale assessing perceived community TB stigma was used. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to describe differences in perceived community TB stigma by participant type and to identify factors associated with TB stigma. Results We enrolled 397 participants. On a scale of zero to 24, the mean stigma score for TB presumptives (14.7 ± 4.4) was statistically higher than community members (13.6 ± 4.8) and TB patients (13.3 ± 5.1). Community members from Zululand (β = 5.73; 95% CI 2.19, 9.72) had higher TB stigma compared to those from BCM. Previously having TB (β = − 2.19; 95% CI − 4.37, 0.0064) was associated with reduced TB stigma among community members. Understanding the relationship between HIV and TB disease (β = 2.48; 95% CI 0.020, 4.94), and having low social support (β = − 0.077; 95% CI − 0.14, 0.010) were associated with increased TB stigma among TB presumptives. Among TB Patients, identifying as Black African (β = − 2.90; 95% CI − 4.74, − 1.04) and knowing the correct causes of TB (β = − 2.93; 95% CI − 4.92, − 0.94) were associated with decreased TB stigma, while understanding the relationship between HIV and TB disease (β = 2.48; 95% CI 1.05, 3.90) and higher HIV stigma (β = 0.32; 95% CI 0.21, 0.42) were associated with increased TB stigma. Conclusions TB stigma interventions should be developed for TB presumptives, as stigma may increase initial-loss-to-follow up. Given that stigma may be driven by numerous factors throughout the TB cascade, adaptive stigma reduction interventions may be required.

scholarly journals Iran’s roads: mitigating the most serious threat to the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshid Parchizadeh ◽  
Maria Gatta ◽  
Roberta Bencini ◽  
Ali Turk Qashqaei ◽  
Mohammad Ali Adibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Crossing Structures ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
High Level

AbstractWildlife-vehicle collisions are an important cause of mortality for many species, and the number of collisions is expected to grow rapidly as the global road network quickly expands over the next few decades. Wildlife-vehicle collisions also have the potential to be extremely detrimental to small wildlife populations, such as the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), with only 43 individuals remaining in the wild. We assessed the spatial distribution of road mortalities between 2004 and 2016 to identify roadkill hotspots involving Asiatic cheetahs in Iran using network kernel density estimation. A total of sixteen cheetah fatalities due to wildlife-vehicle collisions were recorded, and we identified six road fragments as roadkill hotspots. Efforts to reduce wildlife-cheetah collisions should be targeted in the densest hotspots. We review the options available to achieve this, and we recommend a strategic shift away from the ineffective warning signage currently used, and instead suggest adopting an evidence-based approach focusing on installing wildlife crossing structures in conjunction with fencing in roadkill hotspots. These measures will help to enhance the conservation status of the Asiatic cheetah, as the current high level of mortality of Asiatic cheetahs on Iran’s roads could have potentially dramatic impacts on this critically endangered subspecies.

scholarly journals Impact of Road Fencing on Ungulate–Vehicle Collisions and Hotspot Patterns

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Andrius Kučas ◽  
Linas Balčiauskas
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Traffic Intensity ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Annual Average Daily Traffic ◽  
The Relationship

The number of road traffic accidents decreased in Lithuania from 2002 to 2017, while the ungulate–vehicle collision (UVC) number increased and accounted for approximately 69% of all wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVC) in the country. Understanding the relationship between UVCs, traffic intensity, and implemented mitigation measures is important for the assessment of UVC mitigation measure efficiency. We assessed the effect of annual average daily traffic (AADT) and wildlife fencing on UVCs using regression analysis of changes in annual UVCs and UVC hotspots on different categories of roads. At the highest rates, annual UVC numbers and UVC hotspots increased on lower category (national and regional) roads, forming a denser network. Lower rates of UVC increase occurred on higher category (main) roads, forming sparser road networks and characterized by the highest AADT. Before 2011, both UVC occurrence and fenced road sections were most common on higher-category roads. However, as of 2011, the majority of UVCs occurred on lower-category roads where AADT and fencing had no impact on UVCs. We conclude that wildlife fencing on roads characterized by higher speed and traffic intensity may decrease UVC numbers and at the same time shifting UVC occurrence towards roads characterized by lower speed and traffic intensity. Wildlife fencing re-allocates wildlife movement pathways toward roads with insufficient or no mitigation measures.

scholarly journals Impact of Road Fencing on Ungulate-Vehicle Collisions and Hotspot Patterns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrius Kučas ◽  
Linas Balčiauskas
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Traffic Intensity ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Annual Average Daily Traffic

Abstract Background:The number of road traffic accidents was decreasing in Lithuania in 2002–2017, while ungulate-vehicle collision (UVC) number was increasing and accounted for about 69% of all wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) in the country. Identification of impact of locomotor wildlife behavior and locations where accidents occurs most frequently is important for the effective application of mitigation measures.Methods:We assessed the effect of annual average daily traffic (AADT) and wildlife fencing on UVC using regression analysis of changes in annual UVC and UVC hotspots (KDE+ method based clusters) for different categories of roads.Results:At the greatest rates annual UVC numbers and UVC hotspots increased on lower category (national and regional) roads forming denser network. Lower rates of UVC increase occurred on higher category (main) roads, forming sparser road network and characterised by highest AADT. Before 2011, both UVC occurrence and fenced road sections were most common on higher category roads. However, as of 2011, the majority of UVC occurred on lower category roads where AADT and fencing had no impact on UVC.Conclusions:We conclude that wildlife fencing on roads characterised by higher speed and traffic intensity may decrease UVC numbers, in the same time shifting UVC occurrence towards roads characterised by lower speed and traffic intensity. Wildlife fencing re-allocates wildlife movement pathways towards roads with insufficient or no mitigation measures.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

Persepsi Dan Partisipasi Pengunjung Terhadap Permasalahan Sampah Laut (Marine Debris) Di Pantai Temberan Kabupaten Bangka Dan Pantai Pasir Padi Pangkalpinang

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Siska Oktavia ◽  
Wahyu Adi ◽  
Aditya Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to analyze the value of the density of marine debris, perceptions and participation in Temberan beach and Pasir Padi beach, as well as determine the relationship of perception and participation to the density of marine debris. This research is a type of research that is descriptive with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative). The study was conducted at Temberan beach in Bangka Regency and Pasir Pasir Beach Pangkal Pinang in October 2019. The sampling technique used was random sampling and purposive sampling. The data collection technique was carried out using observation technique namely sampling and questionnaire. The validity test uses the Pearson Product Moment formula and the reliability test uses the Cronbach’s Alpha formula. The results showed that the density of debris in the Temberan beach was more dominant at 10.92 pieces/meter2, while at Temberan beach 3 pieces/meter2. The results of perception and participation are different, with the Temberan beach occupying more complex waste problems. The relationship of perception and participation in the density of marine debris have a relationship that affects each other.

ANALISIS KOHESI DAN KOHORENSI DALAM WACANA BERITA KEMISKINAN DAN RAMADHAN DALAM KORAN REPUBLIKA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Resdianto Permata Raharjo ◽  
Ahmad Sudali
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coherence Analysis ◽  
Lexical Cohesion ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
The Relationship

This journal explains the results of cohesion and coherence analysis in the current new news discourse in Indonesia published by Republika, Thursday 16 May 2019. The research uses descriptive methods by describing and explaining the results of the analysis found in the study. This research is a type of qualitative research because the results tend to be released and descriptive. the technique used in this study is to take data, data collection is done in two ways, namely listening and taking notes. This study found the results of the use of cohesion and and the use of coherence. Cohesion is the integration between the parts that are characterized by the use of language elements. Cohesion is divided into two parts, lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion includes conjunction, reference, release, substitution. Lexical cohesion includes antonyms, synonyms, repetitions, metonymy, and hypomini. Whereas, cohorence is the relationship between elements one with the other elements so that it has an integrated meaning.  

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