scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6648
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Time Changes

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark colors. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing; In addition, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or present in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature were also measured. We found that high intensity light (600–60,000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.

scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Time Changes

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark color. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or not in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature. High intensity light (600–60000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.

scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Time Changes

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark color. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or not in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature. High intensity light (600–60000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.

scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
High Intensity Light

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The scientifc question remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we measured the thoracic temperature in the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or not in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature. High intensity light (600–60000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the mid-posterior near the wing base of wing cells A-Cu3 and Cu2-Cu3 on the fore wing, and wing cells 1A-Cu2, Cu1-Cu2, M3-Cu1, and R2-M1 on the hind wing were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through veins Cu2, Cu3, Cu, and A in the fore wing, and veins 1A, Cu2, Cu1, Cu, M1, M3, M, R2, and R in the hind wing.

Agathiphaga wing vestiture revisited: evidence for complex early evolution of lepidopteran scales (Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels P. Kristensen ◽  
Thomas J. Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Scale Morphology ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Independent Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects ◽  
Solid Type ◽  
Scale Types

AbstractAgathiphaga moths lack microtrichiation on most of the fore-wing upperside (apart from a basal anterior area), while it well developed on the hind-wing upperside and on the underside of both wing pairs. Scales on the fore-wing upperside largely occur in clusters, which then often comprise one larger, notched/truncate and pigmented 'cover' scale, and one or more smaller, weakly pigmented/unpigmented, smoothly rounded 'ground' scale. The former scale type proved to be hollow and have trabeculae in the inner lumen. However, it has no perforations in the abwing lamella; hence the absence of such perforations (ore even vestiges thereof, in the form of small depressions) from a scale is not necessarily indicative that it is of the solid type. The ground scales, like all hind-wing and underside scales, are of the commonplace solid type which is of general occurrence in non-glossatan moths. Evolutionary aspects of scale morphology in basal moths are discussed. The origin of hollow wing-surface scales cannot have been a single, unreversed event, but independent evolution of this scale types in the Agathiphagidae and the Coelolepida (= Acanthopteroctetidae + Lophocoronidae + Myoglossata) remains the most parsimonious assumption.

Cautery-induced colour patterns in Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
H. F. Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Pattern Determination ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Precis Coenia

Cautery of the dorsal hind wing in the butterfly, Precis coenia, induces the formation of a concentric colour pattern around the site of injury. The induced pattern is identical in pigmentation to the eyespots that normally develop on this wing surface. This response to cautery also occurs, though much less dramatically, on the ventral forewing. In addition to the peculiar response to cautery, the dorsal hindwing of Precis also develops a series of unique pattern aberrations in response to coldshock. These consist of irregular elongation of the anterior eyespot along the proximodistal axis of the wing. In the most dramatic aberrations the eyespot field covers the entire anterior half of the wing surface. An analysis is presented that attempts to reconcile the effects of cautery on the Precis hindwing with the very different morphological effects of cautery on the colour pattern of Ephestia kühniella, described by Kühn & Von Engelhardt. Computer simulations reveal that the finding presented in this paper, as well as the classical work on Ephestia, can both be explained by assuming that the site of cautery becomes a sink for one of the morphogens involved in colour pattern determination. The experimental findings furthermore indicate that minor perturbations of the wing epidermis can evoke the physiological conditions that attend normal eyespot determination. It is shown that this interpretation also helps to explain the unusual pattern modifications following coldshock.

scholarly journals Character state variation within Dendrothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with a revision of the species from China

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4590 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
ZHAOHONG WANG ◽  
LAURENCE A. MOUND ◽  
XIAOLI TONG
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Character State ◽  
State Variation ◽  
Species Groups

Character state variation among species within Dendrothrips Uzel is discussed, with seven species-groups suggested based on sculpture of body and fore wing surface. Sexual dimorphism in pronotal sculpture and posteroangular setae is described in D. magnoliae. The major host plants of several species are indicated, and the wide distribution across Asia of some species emphasised. Species of Dendrothrips from China are reviewed, D. octosparsus sp. n. is described from Oleaceae, and a key presented to the ten species from China. Two species previously known only from Japan, D. magnoliae Kudô and D. latimaculatus Nonaka & Okajima, are newly recorded from China along with the first description of their males. The male of D. homalii Zhang & Tong is described and illustrated. The record from China of D. mendax Bhatti is considered a misidentification of D. latimaculatus. D. schmiae Kudô is synonymized with D. minowai Priesner.

EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CHALCIDOIDEA, MYMARIDAE, AND MYMAROMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: TEREBRANTES)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Character State ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Lateral Edge ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Evolution ◽  
Internal Character ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractTwenty-three characters or character systems of adults and larvae of Terebrantes are analyzed for evidence of monophyly and phyletic relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae. The taxa are considered to be a monophyletic group based on 3 hypothesized synapomorphies: mesotrochanteral depressor without fu2-tr2 or mesoscutal portion of t2-tr2; axillar phragma as site of origin for all or part of t,-tr2 muscle; and independent basal ring absent from male genitalia. The family Mymaridae is considered to be monophyletic based on at least 3 apomorphies: fore wing with hypochaeta; head with frontal, median, and supraorbital sulci; and toruli distinctly closer to inner margin of eye than to each other. Chalcidoidea, including Mymaridae, is considered to be a monophyletic taxon based on 3 apomorphies: prepectus externally visible, at least dorsally adjacent to lateral edge of mesoscutum; mesothoracic spiracle positioned at exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; and multiporous plate sensilla of antenna with unique structure, as described in text. Mymarommatidae is considered to be the monophyletic sister group of Chalcidoidea based on several apomorphies, including 4 autapomorphies: head composed of frontal and occipital sclerites, which are connected by pleated membrane along hyperoccipital region; hind wing stalk-like, without membrane and terminated in bifurcation that clasps fore wing; fore wing with reticulate pattern formed by raised lineations of membrane; and axillar portion of t2-tr2 muscle absent. Phyletic relationship of Serphitidae with Mymarommatidae is deemed inconclusive because relevant internal character states of amber fossil serphitids cannot be determined. It is suggested that mymarommatids be accorded family status, but not be assigned to superfamily until phyletic relationships are more accurately determined in Terebrantes. A matrix summarizes character-state distribution of most characters analyzed for Terebrantes, and a cladogram illustrates hypotheses of character-state evolution and proposed relationships.

scholarly journals Morphological characterization and wing description of Vespa orientalis orientalis queens

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Hossam Abou-Shaara
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Vespa Orientalis ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Tibia Length

Oriental hornets, Vespa orientalis, are dangerous enemy to bee colonies in some countries of the world. There are more than one subspecies of V. orientalis. Few studies have investigated the morphological characteristics of these subspecies. Morphological characterization can help in confirming and discriminating between the subspecies, and to follow any changes in their morphology over time. In this study, some body characteristics of V. orientalis orientalis queens from Egypt were measured including head width, fore wing length and width, hind wing length and width, femur length, tibia length and approximate stinger length. Also, fore wing characteristics using wing coordinates for 20 landmarks were studied. Computer based techniques were applied to take these measurements. The data of the current study can be utilized for comparisons with other subspecies.

Redefinition of genus Tarasco Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) and description of two new Brazilian species

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 411 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Barbalho ◽  
Denise Scatolini ◽  
Angélica M. Penteado-Dias
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Two New Species

A redefinition of the genus Tarasco Marsh is provided along with description of two new species found in Brazil (T. granulata Barbalho and Penteado-Dias, new species and T. costata Barbalho and Scatolini, new species). This redefinition of the genus considers variation in characters in wing venation, such as the presence of vein r-m in the fore wing and vein 1-SC+R being complete and tubular in the hind wing.

Two new species of the genus Pristaulacus (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Aulacidae) from Japan

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4551 (4) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
KAZUHIKO KONISHI ◽  
RIKIO MATSUMOTO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Anterior Margin ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Two New Species

Two new species of the genus Pristaulacus, P. ohishii sp. nov. and P. uenoi sp. nov. are described from Japan. The former species belongs to the comptipennis species group in having the strongly concaved occipital margin, and is peculiar in the species group in having the combination of the interrupted occipital carina and a broadly rounded and shallow occipital medial groove. The latter species resembles P. ryukyuensis in having the occipital carina not interrupted, the anterior margin of mesoscutum in lateral view acute and veins M+Cu, r-m and Cu of hind wing not pigmented, but they can be easily distinguished by the coloration of mesosoma and the dark spots of fore wing. 

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