scholarly journals Comparative chemical analysis of army ant mandibular gland volatiles (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Brückner ◽  
Philipp O. Hoenle ◽  
Christoph von Beeren
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Mandibular Gland ◽  
Army Ants ◽  
Army Ant ◽  
Alarm Communication ◽  
Gland Volatiles ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Mandibular Gland Secretions

Army ants are keystone species in many tropical ecosystems. Yet, little is known about the chemical compounds involved in army ant communication. In the present study, we analyzed the volatile mandibular gland secretions—triggers of ant alarm responses—of six Neotropical army ant species of the genus Eciton (outgroup: Nomamyrmex esenbeckii). Using solid-phase microextraction, we identified 12 chemical compounds, primarily ketones with associated alcohols, one ester and skatole. Most compounds were shared among species, but their relative composition was significantly different. By comparing chemical distances of mandibular gland secretions to species divergence times, we showed that the secretions’ compositions are not strictly determined by phylogeny. By identifying chemical bouquets of seven army ant species, our study provides a valuable comparative resource for future studies aiming to unveil the chemicals’ precise role in army ant alarm communication.

scholarly journals Eciton Army Ants—Umbrella Species for Conservation in Neotropical Forests

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Sílvia Pérez-Espona
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fragmentation ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Army Ants ◽  
Neotropical Forests ◽  
Umbrella Species ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Army Ant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Identification of priority areas for conservation is crucial for the maintenance and protection of biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests where biodiversity continues to be lost at alarming rates. Surveys and research on umbrella species can provide efficient and effective approaches to identify potential areas for conservation at small geographical scales. Army ants of the genus Eciton are keystone species in neotropical forests due to their major role as top predators and due to the numerous vertebrate- and invertebrate associated species that depend upon their colonies for survival. These associates range from the iconic army ant-following birds to a wide range of arthropod groups, some of which have evolved intricate morphological, behavioural and/or chemical strategies to conceal their presence and integrate into the colony life. Furthermore, Eciton colonies require large forested areas that support a diverse leaf litter prey community and several field-based and genetic studies have demonstrated the negative consequences of forest fragmentation for the long-term maintenance of these colonies. Therefore, Eciton species will not only act as umbrella for their associates but also for many other species in neotropical forests, in particular for those that require a large extent of forest. This review summarises past and recent accounts of the main taxonomic groups found associated with Eciton colonies, as well research assessing the impact of forest fragmentation on this army ant, to encourage the adoption of Eciton army ants as umbrella species for the identification of priority areas for conservation and assessments of the effect of disturbance in neotropical forests.

IDENTIFICATION OF ODOR COMPONENTS OF AGARWOOD

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Azah Mohamad Ali ◽  
Nurlaila Ismail ◽  
Mailina Jamil ◽  
Azrina Aziz ◽  
Sahrim Lias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Spme Fiber ◽  
Odor Compounds ◽  
Marker Compounds ◽  
Significant Chemical

This article presents the use of Z-score in assessing the significant chemical compounds extracted by head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of an agarwood oil obtained from Melaka, Malaysia. Two types of SPME fiber; polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (DVB-CAR-PDMS) were used. During the extraction analysis, the results showed that at least 27 and 29 compounds were identified using PDMS and DVB-CAR-PDMS fiber, respectively. DVB-CAR-PDMS fiber was found to be more efficient in terms of selectivity of compounds extraction. The application of Z-score showed that eight and eleven marker compounds were determined in PDMS and DVB-CAR-PDMS fibers, respectively. 4-Phenyl-2-butanone, a-guaiene, β-agarofuran, a-bulnesene, a-agarofuran and 10-epi-g-eudesmol were some of the compounds selected and were often reported significantly in agarwood oils as key odor compounds. The information gathered will be used for compound selection towards grading of agarwood oils by sensor technology.

Multicomponent Mandibular Gland Secretions in Three Species of Andrena Bees (Hym., Apoidea)

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1124-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Bergström ◽  
Jan Tengö ◽  
Wolfgang Reith ◽  
Wittko Francke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Mandibular Gland ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Distribution Of Components ◽  
Minor Concentration ◽  
Mandibular Gland Secretions

Abstract 50 volatile constituents of the mandibular gland secretions in males and females of three species of Andrena bees, A. wilkella (Chr.), A. ovatula (K .) and A. ocreata (K .), have been identified. The secretions are made up of a series of spiroacetals of four different systems together with mono-terpenes and unbranched acyclic compounds. Many of the components, particularly several of the dominant ones, occur in both sexes of all three species, so that the volatile secretions are qualita­tively very similar. Females contain about 100 μg per individuum , which is 3-5 times the amount of the males’ secretions. Major spiroacetals are E,E- and Z ,E-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxa-spiro[5.5]undecane and E,E-and Z,E-2-ethyl-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]undecane, while prominent monoterpenes are geraniol and citronellol. Straight chain hydrocarbons C17, C19, C21 and C23 occur in fairly large amounts, mostly with increasing concentrations. With respect to the quantitative distribution of components of minor concentration, the bouquet of A. wilkella is clearly distinguishable from A. ovatula and A. ocreata which from the morphological and ethological point of view are more closely related. Behaviour tests with A. wilkella indicate high biological activity of the main spiroacetal.

scholarly journals Most Recent Advances in Diesel Engine Catalytic Soot Abatement: Structured Catalysts and Alternative Approaches

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Meloni ◽  
Vincenzo Palma
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Structured Catalysts ◽  
Geometric Configurations ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Diesel engine emissions are typically composed of several hundred chemical compounds, partly present in the gas phase and partly in solid phase as particles, the so-called particulate matter or soot. The morphology of the catalyst is an important characteristic of soot particles’ abatement, since a good contact between catalyst and soot is mandatory. For practical purposes, the active species should be supported as a film on the structured carrier, in order to allow simultaneous soot filtration and combustion. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the development of structured catalysts for diesel engine catalytic soot combustion, characterized by different active species and supports, as well as by different geometric configurations (monoliths, foams, ceramic papers, or wire mesh); the most important peculiar properties are highlighted and summarized. Moreover, a critical review of the most recent advances in modeling studies is also presented in this paper. In addition, some highlights on some of the most recent alternative approaches proposed for limiting the soot emissions from diesel engines have been given, delineating feasible alternatives to the classical strategies nowadays used.

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