scholarly journals Functional significance of cuckoo Cuculus canorus calls: responses of conspecifics, hosts and non-hosts

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Tryjanowski ◽  
Federico Morelli ◽  
Tomasz S. Osiejuk ◽  
Anders Pape Møller
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Long Calls

Male cuckoos Cuculus canorus produce calls that differ in number of syllables depending on environmental conditions and presence of male and female conspecifics. Why different males produce so repeatable calls that vary greatly in duration among males remains an open question. We used playback of cuckoo calls with few or many syllables (hereafter short and long calls), and woodpigeon calls (a control that also produces few or many syllables), predicting that playback of longer cuckoo calls should attract more male cuckoos (if males with such calls are dominant and successfully out-compete other males due to intraspecific competition), and attract more hosts mobbing male cuckoos (cuckoos with such calls and their females attract more hosts because of an increased risk of parasitism). Because cuckoos differentially parasitize hosts away from human habitation, we also tested whether the number of syllables in cuckoo calls differed with distance from buildings. Playback showed significant effects of number of syllables in cuckoo calls, but not woodpigeon Columba palumbus calls, with an additional effect of distance from human habitation decreasing the response to playback. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that longer cuckoo calls, especially played back near human habitation, attract more conspecifics and hosts than shorter calls. To the best of knowledge this is the first study showing that cuckoo call response modified both other cuckoo individuals, as well as hosts response.

Sex Differences in Inmates: Anger, Sensitivity to Provocation and Family History of Imprisonment

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110491
Author(s):  
Marta Bodecka-Zych ◽  
Anna Zajenkowska ◽  
Mary Bower Russa
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Female Inmates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incarcerated Populations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Prisoners

Little research has explored the role of aggression, anger, and family history of incarceration as they relate to female offenders. The current study aimed to address this gap in the literature by investigating these possible risk factors for incarceration among both men and women. The survey involved 123 (61 female and 62 male) prisoners convicted for violent crimes and a comparison group of 118 (60 female and 58 male) adults from the community. We found that women (convicted and non-convicted) were more sensitive to provocation than men, while community adults showed higher levels of trait anger than prisoners. Detainees were more likely than community adults to have a relative in prison. Although male and female inmates were equally likely to have a relative in prison, they differed in their relation to the imprisoned relative. Male and female prisoners showed increased risk for incarceration of same sex, first degree relatives (father and brothers for men, and mothers for women). These results may contribute to improved understanding of incarcerated populations. As such, this represents a critical first step in creating recovery programs that are more gender appropriate.

scholarly journals Prevalence of depression among undergraduate students: gender and age differences

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Ghaedi ◽  
Azlina Binti Mohd Kosnin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Depressive disorders are the most typical disease affecting many different factors of humanity. University students may be at increased risk of depression owing to the pressure and stress they encounter. Therefore, the purpose of this study is comparing the level of depression among male and female athletes and non-athletes undergraduate student of private university in Esfahan, Iran. The participants in this research are composed of 400 male and female athletes as well as no-athletes Iranian undergraduate students. The Beck depression test (BDI) was employed to measure the degree of depression. T-test was used to evaluate the distinction between athletes and non-athletes at P≤0.05. The ANOVA was conducted to examine whether there was a relationship between level of depression among non-athletes and athletes. The result showed that the prevalence rate of depression among non-athlete male undergraduate students is significantly higher than that of athlete male students. The results also presented that level of depression among female students is much more frequent compared to males. This can be due to the fatigue and lack of energy that are more frequent among female in comparison to the male students. Physical activity was negatively related to the level of depression by severity among male and female undergraduate students. However, there is no distinct relationship between physical activity and level of depression according to the age of athlete and non-athlete male and female undergraduate students. This study has essential implications for clinical psychology due to the relationship between physical activity and prevalence of depression.

Hippocampal or pyriform lobe damage in infancy and endocrine development of rats

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Riss ◽  
Stephen D. Burstein ◽  
Robert W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Behavioral Indices ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Lesions were produced in the brains of male and female albino rats at 1 week of age. It was found that bilateral hippocampal damage is associated with diminished gonadal and adrenal development when that development is estimated by morphologic and behavioral indices (running activity). Only those female rats with bilateral degeneration of the dorsal fornix failed to exhibit cyclic running. Both male and female rats with considerable bilateral hippocampal damage showed diminished running, smaller-sized gonads, and larger thymus bodies at 75–80 days of age. On the other hand, male and female rats with bilateral damage to the pyriform lobe developed a precocious spurt in running activity. A spurt is normally associated with puberty. The question of whether the hippocampus and pyriform lobe should be regarded only as "centers" for trophic stimulation or suppression or whether they should be regarded as important links in circuits mediating an endocrine response to environmental conditions is discussed.

The colouration and its behavioural significance in the corkwing wrasse, Crenilabrus melops

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Functional Significance ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vertical Bars ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Behavioural Significance

The colour patterns of the corkwing wrasse Crenilabrus melops and the functional significance of these patterns has been described. The resting colours of the fish are described for juveniles, mature males and mature females. These colour patterns assist in making the fish less conspicuous in their natural environment. Agonist behaviour is characterized by the development of a series of vertical bars on the body together with ritualized lateral and frontal displays in aggressive, and a head-up submissive posture in fright situations. Most aggressive behaviour is associated with the territorial activity of the mature male. Courtship and spawning activities involve a complex series of visual signals that synchronize the roles played by the male and female. The differences in colouration between juvenile and mature fish and the changes any individual can display have wrongly lead earlier authors to split C. melops into different species or varieties.

Pregnancy outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia patients on imatinib therapy.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7114-7114
Author(s):  
Swati Dasgupta ◽  
Ashis Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Ujjal Kanti Ray ◽  
Firoj Hossain Gharami ◽  
Chinmay Kumar Basu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomaly ◽  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Imatinib Therapy ◽  
Spontaneous Abortions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Patients

7114 Background: Now that imatinib is being used to treat thousands of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients for more than 10 year it is highly probable that many patients will get pregnant during its use. Company warns against any such use. But the fact remains that there is need for planned pregnancies in indicated cases. So we selected few cases both male and female for such pregnancies by interrupting treatment and following the pregnancy closely. Their outcome was studied so that we have an idea about what best could be suggested in such instance. Methods: From November 2002 to May 2010, 634 patients with CML in any stage of the disease were treated with imatinib at our tertiary cancer research institute. We selected 22 (12 females and 10 males) cases of pregnancies by interrupting treatment. We reported 9 accidental pregnancies and 13 planned pregnancies involving 22 patients who or their wives conceived while receiving imatinib for the treatment of CML. Results: Among 22 pregnancies there were 3 spontaneous abortions and 4 elective abortions. In case of 7 female patients, 3 and 4 were male and female babies respectably and in case of six male patients 4 and 4 were male and female babies. Two babies were with congenital anomaly such as one Hypospandium and one Mild-Hydrocephalus (in case of unplanned pregnancies and imatinib exposure during the first trimester of organogenesis). Conclusions: In conclusion, exposure to Imatinib during pregnancy might result in an increased risk of serious fetal abnormalities or spontaneous abortions. Women of childbearing potential should use adequate contraception while using Imatinib. We can suggest that planned pregnancy during therapy should be encouraged but imatinib therapy in unplanned pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion or minor congenital anomaly.

No Sex Differences in Risk for Lower-Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury in Concussed Amateur Rugby Players

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (20 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S12.1-S12
Author(s):  
Katelyn Costantini ◽  
Katie Hunzinger ◽  
Charles Buz Swanik ◽  
Thomas A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rugby Players

ObjectiveTo examine sex differences between concussion and lower-extremity musculoskeletal injury (LE-MSI) in community male and female rugby players.BackgroundThere is an ∼2x elevated risk of post-concussion subsequent MSI in high school through professional athletes. However, the effect of sex on risk is inconsistent and sparse, and rugby provides an ideal population as it’s the only collision sport with the same rules for both sexes.Design/Methods1,037 rugby players (31.6 + 11.3 years, 59.1% male), with at least one year of rugby playing experience, participated in this study, completing an online injury history questionnaire to ascertain concussion (yes/no) and LE-MSI (yes/no) history. A chi-squared test was performed to determine the association between concussion and any LE-MSI; significant findings were followed up with a post hoc odds ratio test. A binary logistic regression with any LE-MSI (yes/no) as the outcome and concussion (yes/no) and sex (male/female) as predictors was performed to determine if there was a sex by concussion interaction.ResultsThere was a significant association between concussion and any LE-MSI for all groups (Overall: ?(1) =13.06, p < 0.001, OR = 2.30 [95% CI: 1.45–3.65]; Males: ?(1) =7.43 p = 0.006, OR = 2.21 [95% CI: 1.24–3.96]; and Females: ?(1) = 5.78, p = 0.016, OR = 2.48 [95% CI: 1.16–5.31]). However, there were no differences for risk of LE-MSI between males and females (p = 0.99, R2 = 0.024).ConclusionsBoth male and female community rugby players had a 2x greater risk of LE-MSI, given a history of concussion compared to those without a history of concussion, which aligns with previous studies focused on collegiate athletes. However, there was no difference in risk of LE-MSI between sexes, contrary to smaller, but more controlled studies. Future research should investigate the potential physiological mechanisms for increased risk of LE-MSI.

An outline of the dynamics of animal populations.

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Stationary State ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Density Change ◽  
Equilibrium Density ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Compensatory Reaction ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Intensity Of Competition

This article is itself a summarized statement concerning the various influences which affect population densities and the population systems these lead to. Known facts concerning animal populations have been analysed. systematized. and critically examined. using the experimental and mathematical approaches in the simpler situations. The more outstanding conclusions are listed below. Populations are self-governing systems. They regulate their densities in relation to their own properties and those of their environments. This they do by depleting and impairing essential things to the threshold of favourability, or by maintaining reactive inimical factors, such as the attack of natural enemies, at the limit of tolerance. The mechanism of density governance is almost always intraspecific competition, either amongst the animals for a critically important requisite, or amongst natural enemies for which the animals concerned are requisites. Governing reaction induced by density change holds populations in a state of balance in their environments. The characteristic of balance is sustained and effective compensatory reaction which maintains populations in being in spite of even violent changes in the environment, and which adjusts their densities in general conformity with prevailing conditions. Far from being a stationary state, balance is commonly a state of oscillation about the level of the equilibrium density which is for ever changing with environmental conditions. Destructive factors do not add to mortality when they continue to operate over long periods, but merely cause a redistribution of mortality, for the intensity of competition automatically relaxes sufficiently to make room for the destruction they cause. Such compensatory reaction causes the effect of destructive factors upon density to be much less when balance is reattained than that which they produce when they first operate.

scholarly journals Silent Brain Tuberculomas with Acute Miliary Tuberculosis in 13-Year Old Girl - Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
Hajric Zidan Zlata ◽  
Pasic Amela ◽  
Selimovic Selma
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Miliary Tuberculosis ◽  
Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Chest Roentgenogram ◽  
Antitubercular Drug ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Open Question

We describe iron deficiency and silent intracranial tuberculomas with pulmonary miliary tuberculosis in 13-year old girl which can be rare seen, particularly in immunocompetent children. She presented as respiratory infection with lack of menstrual bleeding. She didn’t receive BCG vaccination. Chest roentgenogram showed miliary pattern while MRI of brain revealed parenchymal tuberculomas. Empirical 4 antitubercular drug treatments were initiated. Control showed a decrease in size and number of brain tuberculomas. Silent brain tuberculomas with miliary tuberculosis could be rare seen, particularly in immunocompetent children. It remains an open question whether the irregular menstrual bleeding and iron deficiency was associated with the drop of her immunity and increased risk for military tuberculosis. Key words: BCG vaccination, irregular menstrual bleeding, MRI of endocranium.

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