scholarly journals Novel resilience in response to revitalisation after exposure to lethal salinity causes differential reproductive success in an extremely plastic organism

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhammad Shadi Khudr ◽  
Samuel Alexander Purkiss ◽  
Alice de Sampaio Kalkuhl ◽  
Reinmar Hager
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Apparent Death ◽  
Differential Reproductive Success ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plastic Responses

Phenotypic plasticity is central to an organism’s ability to adapt to variable environmental conditions. For aquatic organisms, exposure to elevated salt levels poses a challenge and organisms may fail to tolerate or survive much higher levels short-term. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, in a laboratory study of Daphnia magna that exposure to levels of salinity higher than those previously shown to lead to apparent death (paralysis) can be reversed following a transfer to optimal conditions. We established experimental populations from one clone of D. magna, each with five replicates, that were exposed to different short periods of three different lethal levels of salinity (12.27 PSU [45, 60, 90 and 120 min], 18.24 PSU [45, 60 and 90 min] and 24.22 PSU [45, 60 and 90 min]). In all populations, all individuals were paralysed at the end of their exposure, usually classified in the literature as dead. Subsequently, all individuals were transferred to optimal conditions. However, after the transfer, a proportion of the individuals not only came back from the verge of death (i.e. were revitalised), but also showed afterwards differential reproductive success over a period of 20 days, depending on the level and the length of exposure before revitalisation. Both exposure level and time had an overall negative effect on population size that differed across all treatments. Revitalisation occurred within an hour after the transfer to optimal conditions for 18.24 PSU but took 14–16 h for 12.27 PSU. There was no instantaneous revitalisation nor was there any revitalisation after 16 h no matter how long the paralysed Daphnia individuals were left in the optimal conditions. Our findings cast new light on resilience in cladocerans and suggest that abrupt environmental change can reveal novel plastic responses to extreme conditions.

scholarly journals Financial Constraints and Export Participation of SMEs in Post-Communist Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-319
Author(s):  
Ramiz Rahmanov
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Heterogeneity Analysis ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

This paper examines the impact of medium- and short-term financial constraints on the probability of export participation of SMEs in 28 post-communist countries. The regression analysis conducted over the cross-sectional sample of SMEs taken from the BEEPS III-IV-V shows that the medium- and short-term financial constraints produce a significantly negative effect on the probability of exporting. Although there exist arguments for why the effects of medium- and short-term financial constraints can differ from each other, both the medium- and short-term financial constraints appear to reduce the probability of exporting equally by 25%. The regression results also suggest that more productive, innovative, and larger SMEs, and also SMEs with international quality certificates are more likely to export. When the regressions are separately estimated for the first-time and continuous exporters, it appears that only the probability of exporting of continuous exporters is significantly sensitive to the financial constraints. Furthermore, the regressions separately run for the direct and indirect exporters show that the financial constraints have a larger effect on the probability of exporting of indirect exporters. The heterogeneity analysis shows that there is a significant heterogeneity in the effects of medium- and short-term financial constraints on the likelihood of exporting across regions, industries, periods, and firm types.

scholarly journals Effects of STN-DBS on Depression and Cognitive Status Dementia in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Ghadri ◽  
Omid Rezael ◽  
Muhammad Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi ◽  
Mansour Parvaresh ◽  
Sadegh Ghadri
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
First Time ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms ◽  
Stn Dbs ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Non-motor symptoms such as depression and in later phases dementia are common features of Parkinson’s disease. For the first time in Iran, the present study aims to examine the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleys (STN-DBS) on cognition and mood through neuropsychological assessment of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Stimulation of the subthalamic has no negative effect on the short-term cognitive status of patients with Parkinson’s disease, and improves depression. Precise psychological evaluation helps better recognition of the effects of this kind of surgery, which may be useful in providing quality services for those who will be candidates for this surgery in the future.

scholarly journals Effects of STN-DBS on Depression and Cognitive Status Dementia in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Vahid Ghadri ◽  
Omid Rezael ◽  
Muhammad Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi ◽  
Mansour Parvaresh ◽  
Sadegh Ghadri
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
First Time ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms ◽  
Stn Dbs ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Non-motor symptoms such as depression and in later phases dementia are common features of Parkinson’s disease. For the first time in Iran, the present study aims to examine the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleys (STN-DBS) on cognition and mood through neuropsychological assessment of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Stimulation of the subthalamic has no negative effect on the short-term cognitive status of patients with Parkinson’s disease, and improves depression. Precise psychological evaluation helps better recognition of the effects of this kind of surgery, which may be useful in providing quality services for those who will be candidates for this surgery in the future.

Playing of dating: Adult playful individuals have more long- and short-term relationships

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yago Luksevicius de Moraes ◽  
Marco Antonio Correa Varella ◽  
Caio Santos Alves da Silva ◽  
Jaroslava Varella Valentova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
First Time

Number of romantic/sexual relationships is suggested as a proxy of potential reproductive success. Cross-culturally, both sexes desire playful long-term mates and playfulness predicts relationship quality. It is yet to be tested, however, if playfulness is associated with number of long-term and short-term relationships. We hypothesized that specific playfulness dimensions would correlate with the number of lifetime short- and long-term relationships. Specifically, we expected that Lighthearted playfulness would be associated with more short-term relationships, while Other-directed playfulness would be associated with the number of long-term relationships. In total, 1191 Brazilian adults (mean age=28.7 years, SD=10.2) responded to online sociodemographic questions and playfulness inventory (OLIW). Other-directed playfulness positively predicted the number of short-term and long-term partners in men and the same was true for Whimsical playfulness in women. This suggests that playfulness is used by both sexes to compete for access to more and better mates, but in slightly different ways. For the first time, we show that playful adults have more partners and that playfulness can be used as a part of mating strategies.

scholarly journals FRI0632-HPR PSYCHOLOGICAL PARTICULIARITIES OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM MONOGENIC AUTO-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 920.1-921
Author(s):  
N. Stepanenko ◽  
E. Fedorov ◽  
S. Salugina ◽  
S. Feoktistova
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Communicative Disorders ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
High Level

Background:Monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases (mAID) are a group of severe chronic multisystemic diseases with recurring episodes of fever and other manifestations that significantly affect the patients’ life quality. Moreover, the hyper expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, etc.) observed in these patients may have a negative effect on the central nervous system.Objectives:to study the state of the cognitive and emotional spheres in children suffering from monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases.Methods:there were examined 22 children at the age of 7 to 17 years old diagnosed with CAPS-9, TRAPS-8, FMF-5. Among them there were 12 boys and 10 girls. The diagnosis in all the patients was confirmed through detection of pathogenic mutations in the NLRP3, TNFRSF1A and MEFV genes. The following methods were used: a clinical conversation; memory diagnostics (learning by heart of 10 words, a pictogram using cues taking into account the patients’ age); attention diagnostics (Schulte tables); thinking diagnostics (establishing a sequence of events, “four is a crwod”, simple analogies, interpretation of proverbs); emotional and communicative fields (the Eight-Color Luscher Test; CMAS (adaptation by A. Prikhozhan); STAI test, a drawing called “an animal that does not exist” and “a house-a tree-a man”).Results:The memory study revealed in all patients with TRAPS and FMF high and medium values of short-term and long-term memory, in patients with CAPS - a low level of short-term auditory-speech memory, information storage and indirect memorization in 1/3 of patients. In 100% of the examined patients with TRAPS, a significant decrease in all processes of attention and distribution of attention. In 1/3 of patients with CAPS, an increased exhaustion of attention was registered and in 11% - a decrease in its stability. In patients with FMF, attention disorders were not detected. In 44% of patients with CAPS, a decrease in the level of generalization and difficulties in establishing causal relationships were registered. In 25% of patients with TRAPS a decrease in the level of generalization, in 12.5%- difficulties in establishing cause-effect relationships, inertia of thinking in 37.5%. In 60% of patients with FMF: a decrease in the level of generalization, in 80%: difficulties in establishing cause-effect relationships, inertia of thinking in 20%. In the emotional sphere, patients with CAPS, TRAPS, and FMF demonstrated signs of aggression (11.1%, 20% and 20% of patients, respectively), communicative disorders (77.8% -80% - 80%), and reduced social adaptation (55.5% - 80% - 80%), a tendency to form neurotic fears (22% - 40% - 40%). A high level of personal anxiety was noted in 1/3 of patients with CAPS and 40% of patients with FMF.Conclusion:various psychological disorders in the cognitive and emotional fields were noted in the majority of the examined patients with monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases. In patients with TRAPS, attention processes are most significantly affected; in patients with CAPS, memory is more often affected. In patients with FMF, disorders in thinking processes are revealed more often. In the emotional sphere, most patients with all the three forms of AID note communicative disorders and social adaptation.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

An Analysis of The Impact of Short-Term Vacation Rentals on the Hotel Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802110191
Author(s):  
Jungtae Soh ◽  
Kwanglim Seo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Price Difference ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hotel Performance ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Much scholarly attention has been paid to Airbnb’s influence on the hotel industry. However, extant studies have limitations because they consider only Airbnb while overlooking various other short-term vacation rental players that can also affect performance of hotels. To address this research gap, this study aims to provide a broader understanding of the impacts of short-term vacation rentals by analyzing data obtained from various vacation rental platforms. This study shows that while increase in short-term vacation rentals has an overall negative effect on hotel performance, the economic effect is more significant in the low-end market than in the high-end market. Our findings further reveal that the negative effect is reduced when there is a large price difference between short-term vacation rentals and hotels. By comprehensively examining multiple sources of data on hotels and vacation rentals, this study brings alternative perspectives to the attention of researchers for further investigation of vacation rentals.

scholarly journals Host density predicts the probability of parasitism by avian brood parasites

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1769) ◽  
pp. 20180204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana Medina ◽  
Naomi E. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Determining Factor

The spatial distribution of hosts can be a determining factor in the reproductive success of parasites. Highly aggregated hosts may offer more opportunities for reproduction but can have better defences than isolated hosts. Here we connect macro- and micro-evolutionary processes to understand the link between host density and parasitism, using avian brood parasites as a model system. We analyse data across more than 200 host species using phylogenetic comparative analyses and quantify parasitism rate and host reproductive success in relation to spatial distribution using field data collected on one host species over 6 years. Our comparative analysis reveals that hosts occurring at intermediate densities are more likely to be parasitized than colonial or widely dispersed hosts. Correspondingly, our intraspecific field data show that individuals living at moderate densities experience higher parasitism rates than individuals at either low or high densities. Moreover, we show for the first time that the effect of host density on host reproductive success varies according to the intensity of parasitism; hosts have greater reproductive success when living at high densities if parasitism rates are high, but fare better at low densities when parasitism rates are low. We provide the first evidence of the trade-off between host density and parasitism at both macro- and micro-evolutionary scales in brood parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

Regulating short-term rentals: Joined cases C-724/18 and C-727/18 Cali Apartments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1023263X2110146
Author(s):  
Tania Pantazi
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Regulation ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Tourist Accommodation ◽  
First Time

The increase in short-term rentals via online platforms has captured the attention of scholars and regulators. Short-term letting is now considered a considerable alternative to traditional tourist accommodation contracts, challenging matters such as conditions in the housing market and consumer protection. Online platforms, such as Airbnb, Booking.com , Expedia and Tripadvisor, now provide offers for short-term accommodation contracts along with traditional accommodation options (hotels, hostels, apartments). The recent decision of the European Court of Justice in Joined cases C-724/18 and C-727/18 addresses for the first time the issue of regulation of short-term rentals in Member States and evaluates a national authorization scheme in light of the Services Directive. The present paper provides a brief background of European regulation affecting short-term rentals and discusses the judgment and its implications for future developments.

Labor lawsuits and debt maturity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Unsal
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive ◽  
Debt Maturity ◽  
Employee Relations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Debt Market ◽  
Legal Fees

Purpose This paper aims to investigate how firms’ relationships with employees define their debt maturity. The authors empirically test the role of employee litigations in influencing firms’ choice of short-term versus long-term debt. The authors study employee relations by analyzing the importance of the workplace environment on capital structure. Design/methodology/approach The author’s test hypotheses using a sample of US publicly traded firms between 2000 and 2017, including 3,056 unique firms with 4,256 unique chief executive officer, adopting the fixed effect panel model. Findings The authors document that employee litigations have a significant negative effect on the use of short-term debt and a significant positive affect on long-term debt. Employee litigations, along with legal fees, outcomes and charging parties, matter the most in explaining debt maturity. In addition, frequently sued firms abandon the short-term debt market and use less shareholders’ equity to finance their operations while relying more on the longer debt market. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the role of employee mistreatment in debt maturity choice. The study extends the lawsuit and finance literature by examining unique, hand-collected data sets of employee lawsuits, allegations, violations, settlements, charging parties, case outcomes and case durations.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Reactions of China’s Stock Market to Short-Term Interest Rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Fang ◽  
Weijia Dong ◽  
Xin Lv
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bear Market ◽  
Bull Market ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Markov Regime Switching Model

This paper investigates how China’s stock market reacts to short-term interest rates, as represented by the Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate (Shibor). We adopt the Markov Regime Switching model to divide China’s stock market into Medium, Bull and Bear market; and then examine how Shibor influences market returns and risk in different market regimes. We find that short-term interest rates have a significant negative effect on stock returns in Medium and Bull market, but could not affect stock returns in Bear market. In addition, different maturities of Shibor have different effects on stock returns. Furthermore, we find that the short-term interest rates have a negative effect on market risk in Bull market, but a positive effect in Bear market. Our findings show that China’s market is quite peculiar and distinctive from the U.S. market or other developed countries’ markets in many ways.

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