scholarly journals Identification and expression analysis of cytokinin metabolic genes IPTs, CYP735A and CKXs in the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cai ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Qiantang Fu ◽  
Zeng-Fu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Metabolic Genes

The seed oil of Jatropha curcas is considered a potential bioenergy source that could replace fossil fuels. However, the seed yield of Jatropha is low and has yet to be improved. We previously reported that exogenous cytokinin treatment increased the seed yield of Jatropha. Cytokinin levels are directly regulated by isopentenyl transferase (IPT), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, family 735, subfamily A (CYP735A), and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX). In this study, we cloned six IPT genes, one JcCYP735A gene, and seven JcCKX genes. The expression patterns of these 14 genes in various organs were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. JcIPT1 was primarily expressed in roots and seeds, JcIPT2 was expressed in roots, apical meristems, and mature leaves, JcIPT3 was expressed in stems and mature leaves, JcIPT5 was expressed in roots and mature leaves, JcIPT6 was expressed in seeds at 10 days after pollination, and JcIPT9 was expressed in mature leaves. JcCYP735A was mainly expressed in roots, flower buds, and seeds. The seven JcCKX genes also showed different expression patterns in different organs of Jatropha. In addition, CK levels were detected in flower buds and seeds at different stages of development. The concentration of N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP), iP-riboside, and trans-zeatin (tZ) increased with flower development, and the concentration of iP decreased with seed development, while that of tZ increased. We further analyzed the function of JcCYP735A using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and found that the concentrations of tZ and tZ-riboside decreased significantly in the Jccyp735a mutants, which showed severely retarded growth. These findings will be helpful for further studies of the functions of cytokinin metabolic genes and understanding the roles of cytokinins in Jatropha growth and development.

INFLUENCE OF CLIPPING HEIGHT ON THE NEUTRAL CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF ROOT EXUDATES OF ALFALFA PLANTS GROWN UNDER GNOTOBIOTIC CONDITIONS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. HAMLEN ◽  
F. L. LUKEZIC ◽  
J. R. BLOOM
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Spectral Techniques ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Influence of clipping height on neutral carbohydrate levels in root exudates of alfalfa grown gnotobiotically was investigated by gas-chromatographic and mass-spectral techniques. Exudates were obtained from plants that were lightly clipped (removal of flower buds), intermediately clipped (15 cm), and severely clipped (removal of all but four mature leaves). Glucose, inositol, sucrose, and four unidentified (U) components were detected. Fluctuations in the level of sugars were observed in exudates from two sampling periods. Glucose and U1 were most concentrated under light clipping. Levels of inositol and sucrose were maximum under intermediate clipping. Amounts of U3 were greatest from severely clipped plants, whereas levels of U5 remained constant at all cuttings. Concentration of U4 was lowest under severe clipping. U2, present in exudates from seedling plants, was not detected. Quantities of sugars released per gram of dry weight of root tissue were greater under severe clipping. U1 was the major component, with glucose, inositol, and sucrose minor components of the total sugars.

Mitochondrial citrate synthase from potato: predominant expression in mature leaves and young flower buds

Planta ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Landsch�tze ◽  
Bernd M�ller-R�ber ◽  
Lothar Willmitzer
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Predominant Expression

Recovery of field-grown canola from sulfur deficiency

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hocking ◽  
A Pinkerton ◽  
A Good
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Seed Yields

Sulfate-sulfur was applied to sulfur (S)-deficient canola at several growth stages in a field experiment at Cargo near Orange, New South Wales. Applications of 0, 10 or 40 kg S/ha (S0, S10 and S40) as mixtures of potassium sulfate and potassium chloride were made at sowing, the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible, stem elongation and first flowering. The plots received either 80 or 160 kg nitrogen (N)/ha at sowing. Plants from the S0 plots showed symptoms of severe S deficiency during rapid stem elongation, and had a 52% reduction in seed yield and a 21% reduction in seed oil concentration compared with the S40 plants. Application of S10 at sowing, or topdressing S-deficient plants with this rate of S, was inadequate because, although seed oil concentrations were normal (39-42%), seed yields were 25% lower than those from plots that received S40. Topdressing S-deficient plants with S40 at either the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible or stem elongation resulted in the same seed yields and seed oil concentrations as obtained when S40 was applied at sowing. However, there was a 15% reduction in seed yield but no reduction in seed oil concentration when the S40 topdressing was delayed until flowering. Although S10 was inadequate to correct the S deficiency, there was no reduction in either seed yield or seed oil concentration when S10 was topdressed as late as flowering, when compared with this rate of S applied at sowing. Seed meal protein levels were increased by the S40 topdressings. Concentrations of S in seed from the S0 and S10 plants were below the critical value of 0.36% for canola. Seed N:S concentration ratios of S-deficient plants were greater than 10, but 7.5 for plants which received adequate S. Total glucosinolates in seed were increased by the application of S, but the levels were still well below the limit set for the canola standard.

251 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN PORCINE PRE-IMPLANTATION EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
J.-G. Kim ◽  
H.-F. Jin ◽  
B.-K. Mohana ◽  
H.-J. Song ◽  
Y.-J. Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Histone H2a ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Different Origins

The amount of information gathered on the kinetics and quantitative profile of gene expression in nuclear transferred (NT) pre-implantation embryos is still scarce and limited to a handful of genes in pig. In the present study, we compared the relative abundance (RA) of six development-related genes of pre-implantation embryos from different origins. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured, fertilized and cultured by the method of Abeydeera et al. (2000 Theriogenology 54, 787-797). Parthenogenetic (PA) and NT embryos were produced as described by Kim et al. (2005 Mol. Rep. Dev. 70, 308-313). Sets of 10 embryos each at 4-cell, 8-16-cell, morula, and Day 7 blastocyst stages were used to extract total RNA for analyzing the expression pattern of Bax (pro-apoptotic), Bcl-xl (anti-apoptotic), Oct-4 (pluripotent transcription), Stat3 (cytoplasmic transcription), IFN-tau (implantation) and VEGF (vasculogenesis) genes (three replicates) with real-time quantitative PCR (LightCycler�; Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) following RNA isolation (with Dynabeads� mRNA Direct" kit; Dynal, Oslo, Norway) and cDNA amplification (Oligo (dT)12-18 primer and Superscript" III cDNA synthesis kit; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The expression of each gene was normalized to Histone H2A expression. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences in gene expression were analyzed by ANOVA. Oct-4, Stat3, Bax, and Bcl-xl were expressed at the 4-cell stage. However, IFN-tau and VEGF were expressed at the morula stage. The expression patterns of all genes throughout the embryonic development in all types of embryos were similar. However, the relative abundance (RA) of Bax in the 8-16 cell stage of NT and PA was significantly (P < 0.05) increased as compared to that in IVP counterparts. The RA of Oct-4 and Bcl-xl did not differ throughout all stages in NT and PA embryos. There were no significant differences in all types of embryos with respect to the RA of Oct-4 and Bcl-xl with exception of the blastocysts in NT (significantly decreased, P < 0.01). The RA of Stat3 was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the 8-16 cell stage (NT and PA) and in blastocysts (NT). Similarly, the RA of IFN-tau was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in NT blastocysts. The RA of VEGF was not significantly different in all stages and types of embryos except NT blastocysts (decreased expression, P < 0.01). These results suggest that expression patterns of Bax, Bcl-xl, Oct-4, Stat3, IFN-tau, and VEGF can be used as markers to assess the developmental competence of porcine nuclear transfer embryos. This work was supported by Grant No. 1000520040020000 from Biogreen 21, Republic of Korea.

scholarly journals Crosstalk Pathway between Trehalose Metabolism and Cytokinin Degradation for the Determination of the Number of Berries per Bunch in Grapes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2378
Author(s):  
Ayane Moriyama ◽  
Chiho Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Enoki ◽  
Yoshinao Aoki ◽  
Shunji Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
New Information ◽  
Trehalose Metabolism ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

In grapes, the number of flowers per inflorescence determines the compactness of grape bunches. Grape cultivars with tight bunches and thin-skinned berries easily undergo berry splitting, especially in growing areas with heavy rainfall during the grapevine growing season, such as Japan. We report herein that grape cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 5 (VvCKX5) determines the number of berries per inflorescence in grapes. The number of berries per bunch was inversely proportional to the VvCKX5 expression level in juvenile inflorescences among the cultivars tested. VvCKX5 overexpression drastically decreased the number of flower buds per inflorescence in Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that VvCKX5 might be one of the negative regulators of the number of flowers per inflorescence in grapes. Similarly, the overexpression of grape sister of ramose 3 (VvSRA), which encodes trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of trehalose-6-phosphate into trehalose, upregulated AtCKX7 expression in Arabidopsis plants, leading to a decrease in the number of flower buds per Arabidopsis inflorescence. VvCKX5 gene expression was upregulated in grapevine cultured cells and juvenile grape inflorescences treated with trehalose. Finally, injecting trehalose into swelling buds nearing bud break using a microsyringe decreased the number of berries per bunch by half. VvCKX5 overexpression in Arabidopsis plants had no effect on the number of secondary inflorescences from the main inflorescence, and similarly trehalose did not affect pedicel branching on grapevine inflorescences, suggesting that VvCKX5, as well as VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism, regulates flower formation but not inflorescence branching. These findings may provide new information on the crosstalk between VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism and VvCKX-mediated cytokinin degradation for determining the number of berries per bunch. Furthermore, this study is expected to contribute to the development of innovative cultivation techniques for loosening tight bunches.

scholarly journals Effects of Genotype, Direct Sowing and Plant Spacing on Field Performance of Jatropha curcas L.

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Zafitsara Tantely Andrianirina ◽  
Matthias Martin ◽  
Euloge Dongmeza ◽  
Elisa Senger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Direct Sowing

The tropical multiuse tree Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha) is highly promoted as oilseed crop for biodiesel production and for climate change mitigation, but cultivation practices require further research. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of varying plant spacings (2.0 m × 4 m compared to 1.5 m × 4 m), crop establishment methods (raising plantlets in a nursery prior to planting to the field compared to direct sowing) and genotypes on seed yield, seed quality and plant height, recorded at a dry-subhumid location in Madagascar (Ihosy) and at a humid location in Cameroon (Batchenga). Averaged across treatment variants and genotypes, seed yield and seed oil content were higher at the dry-subhumid site and in particular the narrower spacing reached higher seed yields per unit area than the wider spacing. At the humid site, plant growth was characterized by strong accumulation of biomass. The establishment method tested at the dry-subhumid site showed no significant differences in the recorded parameters. Our results encourage to re-think common practices in jatropha cultivation and underpin the importance of the correct choice of location, genotype and agronomic practices considering the interactions between all factors.

Genetic Relationships Among Chemical Constituents in Seeds, Flower Buds, Terminals, and Mature Leaves of Cotton 1

Crop Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Hanny ◽  
W. R. Meredith ◽  
Jack C. Bailey ◽  
A. J. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Mature Leaves

Evolution and expression patterns of cytokinin oxidase genes in Fragaria vesca

2016 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Xianna Mi ◽  
Ying Lin ◽  
Han Wu ◽  
Tingting Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Fragaria Vesca

Factors affecting genetic and seed yield variability of Jatropha curcas (L.) across the globe: A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 170-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ang Dawa Lama ◽  
Tero Klemola ◽  
Irma Saloniemi ◽  
Pekka Niemelä ◽  
Timo Vuorisalo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L
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