scholarly journals Exosomes in cancer: small vesicular transporters for cancer progression and metastasis, biomarkers in cancer therapeutics

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefe Abak ◽  
Alireza Abhari ◽  
Sevda Rahimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Donor Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane

Cancer progression is a polygenic procedure in which the exosomes can function as substantial roles. Exosomes are tiny, phospholipid bilayer membrane nanovesicles of endocytic derivation with a diameter of 40–100 nm. These nanovesicles can transport bioactive molecules containing mRNAs, proteins, DNA fragments, and non-coding RNAs from a donor cell to recipient cells, and cause the alteration in genetic and epigenetic factors and reprogramming of the target cells. Many diverse cell types such as mesenchymal cells, immune cells, and cancer cells can induce the release of exosomes. Increasing evidence illustrated that the exosomes derived from tumor cells might trigger the tumor initiation, tumor cell growth and progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. The secreted nanovesicles of exosomes can play significant roles in cells communicate via shuttling the nucleic acid molecules and proteins to target cells and tissues. In this review, we discussed multiple mechanisms related to biogenesis, load, and shuttle of the exosomes. Also, we illustrated the diverse roles of exosomes in several types of human cancer development, tumor immunology, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The exosomes may act as the promising biomarkers for the prognosis of various types of cancers which suggested a new pathway for anti-tumor therapeutic of these nanovesicles and promoted exosome-based cancer for clinical diagnostic and remedial procedures.

scholarly journals Role of the Exosome in Ovarian Cancer Progression and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Nakamura ◽  
Kenjiro Sawada ◽  
Masaki Kobayashi ◽  
Mayuko Miyamoto ◽  
Aasa Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Peritoneal Dissemination ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Distinct Form ◽  
Cargo Delivery ◽  
Different Cell Types

Peritoneal dissemination is a distinct form of metastasis in ovarian cancer that precedes hematogenic or lymphatic metastasis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 30–150 nm in diameter secreted by different cell types and internalized by target cells. There is emerging evidence that exosomes facilitate the peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer by mediating intercellular communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment through the transfer of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Furthermore, therapeutic applications of exosomes as drug cargo delivery are attracting research interest because exosomes are stabilized in circulation. This review highlights the functions of exosomes in each process of the peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer and discusses their potential for cancer therapeutics.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the correlation between porphyrin accumulation in cancer cells and functional positions for application as a drug carrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koshi Nishida ◽  
Toshifumi Tojo ◽  
Takeshi Kondo ◽  
Makoto Yuasa
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Membrane Permeation ◽  
Porphyrin Derivatives ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Meso Position ◽  
Tumor Accumulation ◽  
Binding Position

AbstractPorphyrin derivatives accumulate selectively in cancer cells and are can be used as carriers of drugs. Until now, the substituents that bind to porphyrins (mainly at the meso-position) have been actively investigated, but the effect of the functional porphyrin positions (β-, meso-position) on tumor accumulation has not been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the functional position of substituents and the accumulation of porphyrins in cancer cells using cancer cells. We found that the meso-derivative showed higher accumulation in cancer cells than the β-derivative, and porphyrins with less bulky substituent actively accumulate in cancer cells. When evaluating the intracellular distribution of porphyrin, we found that porphyrin was internalized by endocytosis and direct membrane permeation. As factors involved in these two permeation mechanisms, we evaluated the affinity between porphyrin-protein (endocytosis) and the permeability to the phospholipid bilayer membrane (direct membrane permeation). We found that the binding position of porphyrin affects the factors involved in the transmembrane permeation mechanisms and impacts the accumulation in cancer cells.

scholarly journals Exosome Traceability and Cell Source Dependence on Composition and Cell-Cell Cross Talk

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5346
Author(s):  
Rabab N. Hamzah ◽  
Karrer M. Alghazali ◽  
Alexandru S. Biris ◽  
Robert J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Donor Cell ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Remote Communication ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
The Impact

Exosomes are small vesicles with an average diameter of 100 nm that are produced by many, if not all, cell types. Exosome cargo includes lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids arranged specifically in the endosomes of donor cells. Exosomes can transfer the donor cell components to target cells and can affect cell signaling, proliferation, and differentiation. Important new information about exosomes’ remote communication with other cells is rapidly being accumulated. Recent data indicates that the results of this communication depend on the donor cell type and the environment of the host cell. In the field of cancer research, major questions remain, such as whether tumor cell exosomes are equally taken up by cancer cells and normal cells and whether exosomes secreted by normal cells are specifically taken up by other normal cells or also tumor cells. Furthermore, we do not know how exosome uptake is made selective, how we can trace exosome uptake selectivity, or what the most appropriate methods are to study exosome uptake and selectivity. This review will explain the effect of exosome source and the impact of the donor cell growth environment on tumor and normal cell interaction and communication. The review will also summarize the methods that have been used to label and trace exosomes to date.

Synthetic, Sodium-Ion-Conducting Tris(Macrocycle) Channels that Function in a Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane: An Overview

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Stephen L. De Wall ◽  
Eric S. Meadows ◽  
Clare L. Murray ◽  
Hossein Shabany ◽  
George W. Gokel
Keyword(s):  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Ion Conducting

scholarly journals Microparticles as Biomarkers of Blood Coagulation in Cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. BIC.S30347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shosaku Nomura ◽  
Maiko Niki ◽  
Tohru Nisizawa ◽  
Takeshi Tamaki ◽  
Michiomi Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Patient Morbidity ◽  
Increased Risk

Cancer is associated with hypercoagulopathy and increased risk of thrombosis. This negatively influences patient morbidity and mortality. Cancer is also frequently complicated by the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Tumor-derived tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles (MPs) are associated with VTE events in malignancy. MPs are small membrane vesicles released from many different cell types by exocytic budding of the plasma membrane in response to cellular activation or apoptosis. MPs may also be involved in clinical diseases through expression of procoagulative phospholipids. The detection of TF-expressing MPs in cancer patients may be clinically useful. In lung and breast cancer patients, MPs induce metastasis and angiogenesis and may be indicators of vascular complications. Additionally, MPs in patients with various types of cancer possess adhesion proteins and bind target cells to promoting cancer progression or metastasis. Overexpression of TF by cancer cells is closely associated with tumor progression, and shedding of TF-expressing MPs by cancer cells correlates with the genetic status of cancer. Consequently, TF-expressing MPs represent important markers to consider in the prevention of and therapy for VTE complications in cancer patients.

Design of artificial membrane transporters from gold nanoparticles with controllable hydrophobicity

2016 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 495-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin P. Grzelczak ◽  
Alexander P. Hill ◽  
Domagoj Belic ◽  
Dan F. Bradley ◽  
Casper Kunstmann-Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Aqueous Dispersion ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Vesicle Membrane ◽  
Ligand Shell ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Liquid Systems

Gold nanoparticles with variable hydrophobicity have been prepared in three different size regimes following established methods. The control of hydrophobicity was achieved by complexation of the 18-crown-6-CH2-thiolate ligand shell with potassium ions. Potassium dependent phase transfer of these particles from dispersion in water to chloroform was demonstrated, and the equilibrium partitioning of the particles in water–chloroform liquid/liquid systems was quantified by optical spectroscopy. The gradual complexation of the ligand shell with potassium ions was further monitored by zeta potential measurements. Potassium dependent insertion of nanoparticles into the phospholipid bilayer membrane of vesicles in aqueous dispersion has been demonstrated by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Nanoparticle-dependent potassium ion transport across the vesicle membrane has been established by monitoring the membrane potential with fluorescence spectroscopy using a potential sensitive dye.

scholarly journals Dropping in on lipid droplets: insights into cellular stress and cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Shyu ◽  
Xing Fah Alex Wong ◽  
Karen Crasta ◽  
Guillaume Thibault
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Major Topic ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Storage Studies ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

Lipid droplets (LD) have increasingly become a major topic of research in recent years following its establishment as a highly dynamic organelle. Contrary to the initial view of LDs being passive cytoplasmic structures for lipid storage, studies have provided support on how they act in concert with different organelles to exert functions in various cellular processes. Although lipid dysregulation resulting from aberrant LD homeostasis has been well characterised, how this translates and contributes to cancer progression is poorly understood. This review summarises the different paradigms on how LDs function in the regulation of cellular stress as a contributing factor to cancer progression. Mechanisms employed by a broad range of cancer cell types in differentially utilising LDs for tumourigenesis will also be highlighted. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting LDs in the context of cancer therapeutics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document