scholarly journals Do running speed and shoe cushioning influence impact loading and tibial shock in basketball players?

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing-Kai Lam ◽  
Jacobus Liebenberg ◽  
Jeonghyun Woo ◽  
Sang-Kyoon Park ◽  
Suk-Hoon Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Loading ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Comfort Perception ◽  
Shock Impact ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Tibial Shock

Background Tibial stress fracture (TSF) is a common injury in basketball players. This condition has been associated with high tibial shock and impact loading, which can be affected by running speed, footwear condition, and footstrike pattern. However, these relationships were established in runners but not in basketball players, with very little research done on impact loading and speed. Hence, this study compared tibial shock, impact loading, and foot strike pattern in basketball players running at different speeds with different shoe cushioning properties/performances. Methods Eighteen male collegiate basketball players performed straight running trials with different shoe cushioning (regular-, better-, and best-cushioning) and running speed conditions (3.0 m/s vs. 6.0 m/s) on a flat instrumented runway. Tri-axial accelerometer, force plate and motion capture system were used to determine tibial accelerations, vertical ground reaction forces and footstrike patterns in each condition, respectively. Comfort perception was indicated on a 150 mm Visual Analogue Scale. A 2 (speed) × 3 (footwear) repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the main effects of shoe cushioning and running speeds. Results Greater tibial shock (P < 0.001; η2 = 0.80) and impact loading (P < 0.001; η2 = 0.73–0.87) were experienced at faster running speeds. Interestingly, shoes with regular-cushioning or best-cushioning resulted in greater tibial shock (P = 0.03; η2 = 0.39) and impact loading (P = 0.03; η2 = 0.38–0.68) than shoes with better-cushioning. Basketball players continued using a rearfoot strike during running, regardless of running speed and footwear cushioning conditions (P > 0.14; η2 = 0.13). Discussion There may be an optimal band of shoe cushioning for better protection against TSF. These findings may provide insights to formulate rehabilitation protocols for basketball players who are recovering from TSF.

scholarly journals Effect of Red Arch-Support Insoles on Subjective Comfort and Movement Biomechanics in Various Landing Heights

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Wing-Kai Lam ◽  
Cheuk-Hei Cheung ◽  
Aaron Kam-Lun Leung
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Joint Kinetics ◽  
Ankle Eversion ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Comfort Perception ◽  
Lower Extremity Biomechanics ◽  
Arch Support

Red is perceived as a “winning color”, which may influence actual and perceived performances in sports, but little effort has been done to assess the added value on colored foot insoles in basketball movements. This study examined if colored foot insole would influence perceived comfort and lower extremity biomechanics during drop landing. Nineteen male basketball players performed drop landing trials with different insoles (red arch-support, white arch-support, and white-flat) and landing heights (0.45 and 0.61 m). Two-way (Insole x Height) ANOVAs with repeated measures were performed on each of the knee and ankle angles and moments variables. Wearing red arch-support insoles induced better perception of forefoot and rearfoot cushioning and overall comfort but smaller plantarflexion moment than the white-flat insoles (p < 0.05). Increased landing height was related to higher ground reaction loading, sagittal flexion angles, range of motion, and joint moments but smaller ankle eversion (p < 0.05). Findings indicate that foot insoles might have influenced comfort perception and joint kinetics, but not joint kinematics. The use of red color in foot insoles could potentially maximize the effectiveness of foot insoles in a way that alters comfort perception and motor control during landing, with implications for risk of injury.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Force Comparison Between Barefoot and Shod Single Leg Landing at Varied Heights

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Jocelyn E. Arnett ◽  
Cameron D. Addie ◽  
Ludmila M. Cosio-Lima ◽  
Lee E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Main Effects

Background: Landing is a common movement that occurs in many sports. Barefoot research has gained popularity in examining how shoes alter natural movements. However, it is unknown how a single leg landing under barefoot conditions, as well as landing height, affects ground reaction forces (GRF). Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the differences in GRF during a single leg landing under barefoot and shod conditions from various heights. Methods: Sixteen female Division II collegiate athletes, 8 basketball (age: 19.88 ± 0.64 yrs; height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m; mass: 75.76 ± 12.97 kg) and 8 volleyball (age: 20.00 ± 1.07 yrs; height: 1.74 ± 0.08 m; mass: 72.41 ± 5.41 kg), performed single leg landings from 12, 18, 24, and 30 inches barefoot and shod. An AMTI AccuGait force plate was used to record GRF. A 2 (condition) x 4 (box height) x 2 (sport) repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine any GRF differences. Results: There were no significant three way or two-way interactions (p > 0.05). There was also no main effect for sport (p > 0.05). There were main effects for footwear and box height (p = 0.000) where shod (2295.121 ± 66.025 N) had greater impact than barefoot (2090.233 ± 62.684 N). Conclusions: Single leg barefoot landings resulted in less vertical GRF than shod landings. This could be due to increased flexion at the joints which aids in force absorption.

scholarly journals Running gait impulse asymmetries in below-knee amputees

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Prince ◽  
P. Allard ◽  
R. G. Therrien ◽  
B. J. McFadyen
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Gait Asymmetry ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Flexible Keel

In running, large gait asymmetry is expected due to the inability of the foot prosthesis to comply with the kinematic demands and produce a powerful plantarflexion moment. In this work, interlimb asymmetry in below-knee (BK) amputee running gait was assessed for one rigid and three flexible keel prostheses, using vertical and anteroposterior ground reaction forces and respective impulses. Nine BK amputees and 6 controls participated in this study. The running speed was monitored by two light sensitive detectors while the ground reaction forces were measured with a Kistler force plate. Between the prosthetic side and the sound limb the impulse indicator showed greater asymmetry than the force. Interlimb asymmetry was very much present in all types of prosthesis tested but is less pronounced in the flexible keel prostheses. In the latter, the asymmetry may be associated with the forcetime history modulation rather than its magnitude alone. Generally, the impulses better describe interlimb asymmetry and the forces allow a greater discrimination between prosthetic foot types.

Comparison of Impact Forces in High and Low Impact Aerobic Dance Movements

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Ricard ◽  
Steve Veatch
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Dance Movement ◽  
Aerobic Dance ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Dance Movements ◽  
Impact Impulse ◽  
Lower Load ◽  
Reaction Forces

This study compared impact forces and loading rates in a high and low impact aerobic dance movement. Five subjects each performed five trials of the low impact front knee lift (LFKL) and five trials of the high impact front knee lift (HFKL). The data were recorded using an AMTI force plate at 1,000 Hz. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to test for differences in selected variables for the LFKL and HFKL. Peak impact force was significantly lower in the LFKL than the HFKL, mean 0.98 BW and 1.98 BW, respectively. Mean loading rate was significantly lower in the LFKL (14.38 BW/s) than the HFKL (42.55 BW/s). Mean impact impulse during the first 50 ms of impact was significantly lower in the LFKL (0.0131 BW•s) than the HFKL (0.0295 BW•s). Based upon these differences in external ground reaction forces, it appears that low impact front knee lifts impose a significantly lower load than high impact front knee lifts.

scholarly journals Comparison of Countermovement and Preferred-Style Jump Biomechanics in Male Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6092
Author(s):  
Kristof Kipp ◽  
John Krzyszkowski ◽  
Todd Smith ◽  
Christopher Geiser ◽  
Hoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Joint Kinetics ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the biomechanics of countermovement (CMJ) and preferred-style (PrefJ) jumps. Eight male basketball players (age: 19 ± 1 year; height: 1.84 ± 0.14 m; mass: 92.8 ± 11.4 kg) participated in a cross-sectional study for which they performed max effort CMJ and PrefJ while motion capture and force plate data were recorded. The CMJ were performed according to common procedures. For the PrefJ, the eight players chose to use a short approach run and a step-in jump, with a clear lead and trail leg foot contact pattern. Vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), center-of-mass (COM) parameters, as well as hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, extension velocities, net joint moments, powers, and work were all calculated and used for analysis. Bi-lateral data from the CMJ were averaged, whereas lead and trail leg data from the PrefJ were kept separated. The PrefJ was characterized by greater jump height and GRF and shorter contact times. Joint-level differences indicated that the PrefJ was characterized by larger joint kinetics. Importantly, very few biomechanical variables of the CMJ and PrefJ were correlated, which suggests that each jump type is characterized by unique movement strategies. Since PrefJ may better represent athlete- and sport-specific movement pattern, these findings could have implications for assessing and monitoring neuromuscular performance of basketball players.

scholarly journals Effects of Running on Sand vs. Stable Ground on Kinetics and Muscle Activities in Individuals With Over-Pronated Feet

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero ◽  
Nasrin Amirzadeh ◽  
Amir Fatollahi ◽  
Marefat Siahkouhian ◽  
Anderson S. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Reaction Forces

Background: In terms of physiological and biomechanical characteristics, over-pronation of the feet has been associated with distinct muscle recruitment patterns and ground reaction forces during running.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of running on sand vs. stable ground on ground-reaction-forces (GRFs) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of lower limb muscles in individuals with over-pronated feet (OPF) compared with healthy controls.Methods: Thirty-three OPF individuals and 33 controls ran at preferred speed and in randomized-order over level-ground and sand. A force-plate was embedded in an 18-m runway to collect GRFs. Muscle activities were recorded using an EMG-system. Data were adjusted for surface-related differences in running speed.Results: Running on sand resulted in lower speed compared with stable ground running (p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.83). Results demonstrated that running on sand produced higher tibialis anterior activity (p = 0.024; d = 0.28). Also, findings indicated larger loading rates (p = 0.004; d = 0.72) and greater vastus medialis (p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.89) and rectus femoris (p = 0.001; d = 0.61) activities in OPF individuals. Controls but not OPF showed significantly lower gluteus-medius activity (p = 0.022; d = 0.63) when running on sand.Conclusion: Running on sand resulted in lower running speed and higher tibialis anterior activity during the loading phase. This may indicate alterations in neuromuscular demands in the distal part of the lower limbs when running on sand. In OPF individuals, higher loading rates together with greater quadriceps activity may constitute a proximal compensatory mechanism for distal surface instability.

scholarly journals Effect of drop jump technique on the reactive strength index

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Struzik ◽  
Grzegorz Juras ◽  
Bogdan Pietraszewski ◽  
Andrzej Rokita
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Reaction Forces

AbstractThe basic drill of plyometric training aimed at improving lower limb power and jump height is a drop jump. This exercise can be performed using different techniques, which substantially affects jump variables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the values of the reactive strength index (RSI) for countermovement drop jumps (CDJs) and bounce drop jumps (BDJs). The study was carried out in a group of 8 male youth basketball players. The tests were conducted using the AMTI BP600900 force plate to measure ground reaction forces and the Noraxon MyoMotion system to record kinematic data. Each player performed two CDJs and two BDJs from the height of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm. The RSI was calculated as a ratio of jump height and contact time. Moreover, the RSI was determined for the amortization and take-off phases separately. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between RSI values for CDJs and BDJs were recorded for jumps from 30, 45 and 60 cm. Differences in RSI values for jumps from 15 cm were not significant. Furthermore, CDJ height values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values recorded for BDJs. Times of contact, amortization and take-off during BDJs were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) than the respective values obtained for CDJs. Therefore, the use of the RSI to monitor plyometric training should be based on the drop jump technique that is commonly performed by basketball players.

The evaluation of limb symmetry indices using ground reaction forces collected with one or two force plates in healthy dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabby Sandberg ◽  
Sarah Robb ◽  
Steven Budsberg ◽  
Nicola Volstad
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Data

SummaryObjective: To compare the variability of symmetry indices within and between days when using one and two force plates for data collection.Animals: Seventeen healthy client-owned adult dogs.Methods: Vertical ground reaction force data were collected in a crossover study design, with four collection sessions on two consecutive days, and then two weeks apart (days 1, 2, 15, and 16) using both 1-plate and 2-plate collection methods. Symmetry indices were calculated for limb pairs using two standard equations (SI1 and SI2). Repeated measures analysis was used to compare symmetry indices data between plate systems and days. Significance was set at p <0.05.Results: There were no significant differences between plate systems for SI1 and SI2. There were no significant differences between data collected on different days and no significant interaction effects between variables. Symmetry indices were consistently larger for ground reaction forces calculated from non-consecutive footfalls.Conclusions: The use of two force plate systems will minimize variance caused by trial repetition and paired limb variation. When comparing SI1 to SI2, results were not significantly different. However, there were consistently higher mean values for SI1 compared with SI2 and symmetry indices were consistently larger for 1-plate systems compared to 2-plate systems for both symmetry indices.

Influence of heel design in an orthopedic shoe on ground reaction forces during walking

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyeh Daryabor ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Ghasemi ◽  
Meria Yazdani ◽  
Mohammad Kamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact

Background: One of the treatments prescribed for musculoskeletal patients is orthopedic shoe. The use of an orthopedic shoe is thought to produce a more typical ground reactive force pattern. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the influence of three heel designs of an orthopedic shoe on the ground reaction forces during walking in healthy subjects. Study design: Quasi-experimental. Method: In total, 30 healthy adults (12 males, 18 females) walked at a self-selected pace for six trials in each of the three shoe conditions having three different heels which included the following: standard heel, beveled heel, and positive posterior heel flare. For each trial, ground reaction force parameters were recorded using a force plate. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the impact force was significantly reduced for the positive posterior heel flare condition by 8% and 13% compared with standard and beveled heels, respectively ( p < 0.001). The first peak of vertical force showed a significant reduction in the beveled heel by 5% and 4% compared with the standard heel and the positive posterior heel flare, respectively ( p < 0.001). Loading rate was significantly reduced in the beveled heel and the positive posterior heel flare conditions ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Positive posterior heel flare reduced impact force due to its geometry flexibility, while a beveled heel reduced first peak of vertical force. The findings of this study show that the shape of the heel therefore has the potential to modify impact loads during walking. Clinical relevance This study provides new evidence that by changing shape in the heel of orthopedic shoe impact loads are reduced during walking. Thus, these findings indicate that use of heel design may be beneficial for various musculoskeletal disorders, including key public health problems.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Description of Zapateado Technique in Flamenco

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2905
Author(s):  
Wanda Forczek-Karkosz ◽  
Robert Michnik ◽  
Katarzyna Nowakowska-Lipiec ◽  
Alfonso Vargas-Macias ◽  
Irene Baena-Chicón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Tilt ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Anterior Pelvic Tilt ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Practical Information ◽  
Different Levels

The main purpose of this study was to identify a dancer’s body alignment while performing flamenco footwork to provide a detailed description that could be used by flamenco practitioners: teachers, instructors and students of different levels of advancement. The zapateado technique performed by a professional flamenco dancer was analyzed. The biomechanical analysis was based on 30 cycles composed of six repeating sequences of strikes. Kinematic recordings were performed using a Vicon system, while the measurement of the ground reaction forces (GRF) was accomplished with a Kistler force plate. The following parameters were analyzed: the time of each foot strike, the maximal value of the vertical component of GRF normalized to body weight (BW) for subsequent footwork steps, the impulse of the GRF and the kinematics of pelvis and lower limb joints, and an exemplary waveform view of the sound of footwork strikes was shown. The average values of the vertical component of GRF ranged between 0.6 and 2.7 BW. The maximal anterior pelvic tilt was 29°, with a 6° range of motion (RoM). This mobility was accompanied by 20° hip RoM and by ~40° knee RoM throughout flexion. The conclusions provide practical information that a teacher and flamenco student should receive.

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