scholarly journals Overwintering temperature and body condition shift emergence dates of spring-emerging solitary bees

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Schenk ◽  
Oliver Mitesser ◽  
Thomas Hovestadt ◽  
Andrea Holzschuh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Solitary Bees ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Individual Body

Solitary bees in seasonal environments must align their life-cycles with favorable environmental conditions and resources; the timing of their emergence is highly fitness relevant. In several bee species, overwintering temperature influences both emergence date and body weight at emergence. High variability in emergence dates among specimens overwintering at the same temperatures suggests that the timing of emergence also depends on individual body conditions. However, possible causes for this variability, such as individual differences in body size or weight, have been rarely studied. In a climate chamber experiment using two spring-emerging mason bees (Osmia cornuta and O. bicornis), we investigated the relationship between temperature, emergence date, body weight, and body size, the last of which is not affected by overwintering temperature. Our study showed that body weight declined during hibernation more strongly in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures. Although bees emerged earlier in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures, at the time of emergence, bees in warm overwintering temperatures had lower body weights than bees in cold overwintering temperatures (exception of male O. cornuta). Among specimens that experienced the same overwintering temperatures, small and light bees emerged later than their larger and heavier conspecifics. Using a simple mechanistic model we demonstrated that spring-emerging solitary bees use a strategic approach and emerge at a date that is most promising for their individual fitness expectations. Our results suggest that warmer overwintering temperatures reduce bee fitness by causing a decrease in body weight at emergence. We showed furthermore that in order to adjust their emergence dates, bees use not only temperature but also their individual body condition as triggers. This may explain differing responses to climate warming within and among bee populations and may have consequences for bee-plant interactions as well as for the persistence of bee populations under climate change.

The effects of components of body weight on reproductive efficiency in the Merino ewe

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Guerra ◽  
C. J. Thwaites ◽  
T. N. Edey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency

SUMMARYGroups of mature Merino ewes selected on the basis of either large or small bodysize were differentially fed during a pre-experimental period to produce subgroups of high and low body condition. These levels of body condition were maintained for 2 weeks before mating and for the first 5 weeks of gestation. Thereafter, the four subgroups grazed together until lambing.Big ewes had more multiple ovulations than small ewes (14/41 υ 6/53; P < 0·01), and there was a significant linear regression of ovulation rate on body size. Body condition was positively related to the incidence of multiple ovulations, but the regression of ovulation rate on body condition at mating failed to reach significance. Body weight was significantly related to both ovulation rate and the incidence of multiple ovulations, and proved to be a more effective predictor of ovulation rate than either body size or condition.These results make it clear that size and condition, the two components of body weight, each have a considerable independent influence on some aspects of reproduction, and that the precision of some experiments and the effectiveness of some production routines could be improved by considering them separately.

Factors affecting individual body weight in field populations of the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Morrisey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hydrobia Ulvae ◽  
Native Sediment ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Average Body

Differences in average body size among allopatric and sympatric populations of hydrobiid mudsnails have been interpreted as the consequence of interspecific competitive interactions. Recently, however, doubts have been expressed concerning the certainty with which size differences can be ascribed simply to character displacement. Other environmental factors are known to influence body size in hydrobiids. In the present study one of these, sediment type, was investigated.Average body weight of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) living on fine mud was consistently higher than that of members of the same species living on adjacent muddy sand. Snails were transplanted from one sediment type to the other, confined within cages, and their growth rates compared with those of control animals caged on their native sediment. The results of this experiment suggested that substrate type is one factor controlling body size, but the inconclusive nature of the results indicate that others are also involved.

Refuge use in a killifish: influence of body size and nutritional state

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 782-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M Dowling ◽  
Jean-Guy J Godin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Refuge Use ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Threatening Stimulus ◽  
Energetic State ◽  
Predator Model ◽  
Individual Body

Refuge use by animals provides greater safety from predation. A refuging animal continuously must decide whether to stay in the refuge or to emerge into open habitat. This decision may depend on its energetic state and vulnerability to predation, both of which can vary with individual body size. We experimentally tested the concurrent effects of body size and nutritional (hunger) state on refuge use in the banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus). Individual killifish were "attacked" in an open laboratory habitat (containing food) by either a trout predator model or a control model that did not resemble a trout. Frightened fish typically fled into a foodless refuge nearby. The amount of time that killifish spent in the refuge before emerging increased significantly with body length, but was not affected by their current nutritional state or the threatening stimulus (type of model). Smaller killifish were thus more risk-prone than larger conspecifics irrespective of their current nutritional state. Such size-mediated risk-taking behaviour has important consequences for individual fitness and implications for population and community composition and dynamics in nature.

scholarly journals Individual body size as a predictor of lipid storage in Baltic Sea zooplankton

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Gorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
Lipid Storage ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Individual Body

Abstract The size structure of a zooplankton community is frequently used as a trait reflecting functional properties, including biochemical composition. Therefore, a shift in zooplankton body size can reflect shifts in the nutritional quality of zooplankton. In dominant Baltic copepods and cladocerans, neutral to polar lipid ratio (NL/PL ratio), a proxy for the mass-normalized lipid storage, was determined and related to individual body weight. A significant relationship between the NL/PL ratio and body weight was found; the latter was the strongest and the most significant predictor of the lipid storage capacity across different species and developmental stages. These findings provide support for using mean body weight in zooplankton community as a proxy for lipid storage capacity of zooplankton prey and justify applicability of zooplankton mean size as an indicator of nutritional conditions for Baltic zooplanktivores.

scholarly journals Effects of phenotype- and condition-dependent factors on juvenile dispersal of the ringed salamander (Ambystoma annulatum)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brittany Hunter Ousterhout
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Juvenile Dispersal ◽  
Ambystoma Annulatum

Dispersal is the movement of individuals from their natal population to a different breeding population. Long distance dispersal movements are rare, with most individuals staying within their natal population (hereafter residents). The frequency with which individuals disperse to new population or settle near natal sites has strong consequences for individual survival and fitness, as well as ecological and evolutionary processes. Despite the importance of dispersal, there have been limited empirical tests of the factors affect whether an individual disperses or is philopatric. This is particularly true for amphibians of the family Ambystomatidae. These pond-breeding salamanders have complex life cycles, with aquatic larvae and terrestrial juveniles and adults. Despite abundant research on the breeding migrations and larval life stage of these salamanders, factors affecting juvenile dispersal remain poorly resolved. This is particularly true for phenotype-dependent factors, such as body size and body condition, which are generally controlled for rather than manipulated. An understanding of factors driving dispersal in Ambystomatidae is critically needed. One-third of all amphibians are currently threatened with extinction due to habitat loss and fragmentation, and climate change. By understanding the factors that affect dispersal in this family of salamanders, we can manage at the individual, population, and metapopulation level. My dissertation research used laboratory and field experiments to measure effects of phenotype- and condition-dependent factors on movement in a mole salamander (Ambystoma annulatum). The primary objectives of my study were to 1) describe the effect of natal density on juvenile phenotype, and 2) determine the effect of individual variation in phenotype-dependent factors (i.e., behavior, morphology, and body condition) and condition-dependent factors (i.e., natal population density and juvenile habitat quality) on dispersal. To identify the effects of natal population density on juvenile phenotype, I conducted a replicated pond mesocosm experiment. I manipulated the density of ringed salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum) over 10 levels and compared the model fit of four functional forms of body size, body condition, date of metamorphosis survival, and percent lipids. In general, I found support for non-additive density dependence, with the negative impact of each additional individual decreasing in magnitude as density increased. After measuring the effect of natal conditions on juvenile phenotype, I conducted a series of experiments to describe the effect of phenotype- and condition dependent factors. I reared salamanders from larvae under different natal densities, resulting in juveniles that different in the conditions they experienced (i.e., natal density), as well as their body size, condition, and morphology. I also measured the exploration behavior of individuals. Using PIT telemetry, I tracked the initial movement of juvenile salamanders in two different habitat conditions (forest and field habitat). I found that both phenotype- and condition-dependent factors affect juvenile dispersal. I also found an interaction between these two types of factors, suggesting that redundant cues over ontogeny affect dispersal. Collectively, these studies indicate that both aquatic natal habitat and its effects on juvenile phenotype, as well as juvenile terrestrial habitats should be considered when managing amphibian populations and metapopulations.

Contributions to the Estimation of the Postmortem Interval Through the Length and Body Weight of Two Indigenous Species of South America: Lucilia ochricornis (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia purpurascens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Acosta ◽  
Néstor D Centeno ◽  
Andrea X González-Reyes ◽  
José A Corronca
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Early Arrival ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The early arrival and colonization of species belonging to the family Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) on a corpse represent one of the most reliable means of estimating minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). However, information on the development and life cycles of some Argentine species in this family is not complete. The objective of this work was to contribute new information regarding the larval body size of neotropical species that allow, through the construction of forensic methods, the estimation of a more precise and specific PMImin. This work was conducted on laboratory cultures of larvae of Lucilia ochricornis (Wiedemann) and Lucilia purpurascens (Walker) using as average temperatures: 13.4, 15.1, 22.6, and 23.3°C, which represent the four seasons of the year for the province of Salta. With this information, we constructed isomegalen diagrams and growth models for the obtained variables of larval length and body weight. The mean values of length and body weight differ between both species, indicating that L. purpurascens exceeded L. ochricornis in both variables. In contrast, within each species the mean length and weight remained unchanged between culture temperatures for the three larval instars. Isomegalen diagrams can be used for the entire range of temperatures worked in the laboratory, but the body size entered is approximate. The growth models allow the use of point data but are specific for each culture temperature used.

scholarly journals PREFERENSI PRODUSEN BABI GULING TERHADAP BABI BALI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
SUKANATA I W. ◽  
B. R. T. PUTRI ◽  
SUCIANI .
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Color Body ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Maximum Score

This study aims at observing the main attributes of bali pigs that prefer as a raw material suckling pig producer.Farmers have to know this thing in order to increase consumer satisfaction and their loyality. The data usedinterview and observation as primary data collected to fifty producers of suckling pig which is located in Bali. Theywere interviewed using questionnaires and analyzed with chi square and multiatribut Fishbein analysis. It showedthat preferences of producers based on attributes of color, gender, body size and body condition significantly differwithin 95% level of interest. Bali pig attributes that preferred by the producer as a raw material of roasted pig isbali pig with balck colour, sex of male, 10 up to 15 kg of body weight and fat body condition. The bali pig attributesconsidered by the producer in making decision to buy from the most consideration to the minimum such as bodysize, body condition, gender, and color. Body condition attribute was considered to be less satisfying for producersindicated with satisfaction score 2.9 from the maximum score of 5. So, it is important that farmers should payattention to these attributes in the future.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

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