scholarly journals Coccolith arrangement follows Eulerian mathematics in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xu ◽  
David Hutchins ◽  
Kunshan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Carbon Biogeochemistry ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Cell Changes ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

Background The globally abundant coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, plays an important ecological role in oceanic carbon biogeochemistry by forming a cellular covering of plate-like CaCO3 crystals (coccoliths) and fixing CO2. It is unknown how the cells arrange different-sized coccoliths to maintain full coverage, as the cell surface area of the cell changes during daily cycle. Methods We used Euler’s polyhedron formula and CaGe simulation software, validated with the geometries of coccoliths, to analyze and simulate the coccolith topology of the coccosphere and to explore the arrangement mechanisms. Results There were only small variations in the geometries of coccoliths, even when the cells were cultured under variable light conditions. Because of geometric limits, small coccoliths tended to interlock with fewer and larger coccoliths, and vice versa. Consequently, to sustain a full coverage on the surface of cell, each coccolith was arranged to interlock with four to six others, which in turn led to each coccosphere contains at least six coccoliths. Conclusion The number of coccoliths per coccosphere must keep pace with changes on the cell surface area as a result of photosynthesis, respiration and cell division. This study is an example of natural selection following Euler’s polyhedral formula, in response to the challenge of maintaining a CaCO3 covering on coccolithophore cells as cell size changes.

scholarly journals Coccolith arrangement follows Eulerianmathematics in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xu ◽  
David Hutchins ◽  
Kunshan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Biogeochemistry ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Cell Changes ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

Background. The globally abundant coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, plays an importantecological role in oceanic carbon biogeochemistry by forming a cellularcovering of plate-like CaCO 3 crystals (coccoliths) and fixing CO 2 .It is unknown how the cells arrange different-size of coccoliths to maintainfull coverage, as the cell surface area of the cell changes during daily cycle. Methods. We used Euler’s polyhedron formula and CaGe simulationsoftware, validated with the geometries of coccoliths, to analze and simulatethe coccolith topology of the coccosphere and to explore the arrangementmechanisms. Results. There were only small variations in the geometries ofcoccoliths, even when the cells were cultured under variable light conditions.Because of geometric limits, small coccoliths tended to interlock with fewerand larger coccoliths, and vice versa. Consequently, to sustain a full coverageon the surface of cell, each coccolith was arranged to interlock with four tosix others, which in turn led to each coccosphere contains at least 6coccoliths. Conclusions. The number of coccoliths per coccosphere must keep pacewith changes on the cell surface area as a result of photosynthesis,respiration and cell division. This study is an example of natural selectionfollowing Euler’s polyhedral formula, in response to the challenge ofmaintaining a CaCO 3 covering on coccolithophore cells as cell sizechanges.

scholarly journals Coccolith arrangement follows Eulerianmathematics in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xu ◽  
David Hutchins ◽  
Kunshan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Biogeochemistry ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Cell Changes ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

Background. The globally abundant coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, plays an importantecological role in oceanic carbon biogeochemistry by forming a cellularcovering of plate-like CaCO 3 crystals (coccoliths) and fixing CO 2 .It is unknown how the cells arrange different-size of coccoliths to maintainfull coverage, as the cell surface area of the cell changes during daily cycle. Methods. We used Euler’s polyhedron formula and CaGe simulationsoftware, validated with the geometries of coccoliths, to analze and simulatethe coccolith topology of the coccosphere and to explore the arrangementmechanisms. Results. There were only small variations in the geometries ofcoccoliths, even when the cells were cultured under variable light conditions.Because of geometric limits, small coccoliths tended to interlock with fewerand larger coccoliths, and vice versa. Consequently, to sustain a full coverageon the surface of cell, each coccolith was arranged to interlock with four tosix others, which in turn led to each coccosphere contains at least 6coccoliths. Conclusions. The number of coccoliths per coccosphere must keep pacewith changes on the cell surface area as a result of photosynthesis,respiration and cell division. This study is an example of natural selectionfollowing Euler’s polyhedral formula, in response to the challenge ofmaintaining a CaCO 3 covering on coccolithophore cells as cell sizechanges.

scholarly journals Coccolith arrangement follows Eulerian mathematics in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xu ◽  
David Hutchins ◽  
Kunshan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Carbon Biogeochemistry ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

Background. The globally abundant coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, plays an important ecological role in oceanic carbon biogeochemistry by forming a cellular covering of plate-like CaCO3 crystals (coccoliths) and fixing CO2. It is unknown how the cells arrange different sizes of coccoliths to maintain full coverage as the cell surface area changes due to growth and cell division. Methods. We used Euler’s polyhedron formula and simulation software CaGe, validated with the geometries of coccoliths, to analyses the coccolith topology of coccosphere and the arrange mechanism. Results. The cells arrange each of the coccoliths to interlock with 4–6 others to keep pace with cell growth and cell division. Conclusions. This study represents an example of how natural selection has arrived at a solution based on Euler’s polyhedral formula in response to the challenge of maintaining a CaCO3 covering on coccolithophore cells as cell size changes.

scholarly journals MiR-26a-5p inhibits GSK3β expression and promotes cardiac hypertrophy in vitro

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10371
Author(s):  
Liqun Tang ◽  
Jianhong Xie ◽  
Xiaoqin Yu ◽  
Yangyang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Myocardial Cell ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Direct Target

Background The role of miR-26a-5p expression in cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Herein, the effect of miR-26a-5p on cardiac hypertrophy was investigated using phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in a rat model of hypertension-induced hypertrophy in vivo. Methods The PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy models in vitro and vivo were established. To investigate the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on autophagy, the protein expression of autophagosome marker (LC3) and p62 was detected by western blot analysis. To explore the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on cardiac hypertrophy, the relative mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy related mark GSK3β was detected by qRT-PCR in vitro and vivo. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cardiac hypertrophy related mark α-actinin. The cell surface area was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The direct target relationship between miR-26a-5p and GSK3β was confirmed by dual luciferase report. Results MiR-26a-5p was highly expressed in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-26a-5p promoted LC3II and decreased p62 expression in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the presence or absence of lysosomal inhibitor. Furthermore, miR-26a-5p significantly inhibited GSK3β expression in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase report results confirmed that miR-26a-5p could directly target GSK3β. GSK3β overexpression significantly reversed the expression of cardiac hypertrophy-related markers including ANP, ACTA1 and MYH7. Immunofluorescence staining results demonstrated that miR-26a-5p promoted cardiac hypertrophy related protein α-actinin expression, and increased cell surface area in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our study revealed that miR-26a-5p promotes myocardial cell autophagy activation and cardiac hypertrophy by regulating GSK3β, which needs further research.

scholarly journals Ca2+-activated cleavage of ezrin visualised dynamically in living myeloid cells during cell surface area expansion

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. jcs236968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhiannon E. Roberts ◽  
Marianne Martin ◽  
Sabrina Marion ◽  
Geetha L. Elumalai ◽  
Kimberly Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Area Expansion

scholarly journals Abnormalities in the mechanical properties of red blood cells caused by Plasmodium falciparum

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Nash ◽  
E O'Brien ◽  
EC Gordon-Smith ◽  
JA Dormandy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Entry Time ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Although changes in the mechanical properties of infected red cells may contribute to the pathophysiology of malaria, such changes have not previously been described in detail. In this study, the physical properties of individual cells from both clinical and cultured samples infected with Plasmodium falciparum were tested using micropipette aspiration techniques. Cells containing ring forms took about 50% longer to enter 3 microns pipettes compared with nonparasitised cells, and there was a similar increase in the critical pressure required to induce cell entry. These abnormalities were similar in clinical and cultured samples. More mature cultured parasites (ie, trophozoites and schizonts containing pigment) caused much greater loss of deformability, with entry time and pressure increased four to sixfold. The decrease in deformability of the ring forms was attributable to a deficit in cell surface area/volume ratio (based on micropipette measurement of the surface area and volume of individual cells) and slight stiffening of the cell membrane (shear elastic modulus increased 13%, as measured by pipette aspiration of small membrane tongues). Measurement of the rate of cell shape recovery indicated that the membrane of parasitised cells was not more viscous. The main factor in the drastic loss of deformability of the trophozoites and schizonts was the presence of the large very resistant parasite itself. Otherwise, the cell surface area/volume deficit was slightly less and membrane rigidification slightly greater compared with ring forms. The above abnormalities should cause the trophozoites and schizonts to have great difficulty in traversing splenic or marrow sinuses and could contribute to microvascular occlusion and sequestration. On the other hand, the ring forms may be expected to circulate relatively unhindered.

scholarly journals Relationship between surface area and volume of the mastoid air cell system in adult humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Swarts ◽  
B M Cullen Doyle ◽  
W J Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Computed Tomography Scanning ◽  
Cell Volumes ◽  
Area And Volume

AbstractIntroduction:The geometry of the adult human mastoid air cell system has not previously been described over a large range of mastoid air cell volumes.Methods:Twenty subjects with a wide range of mastoid air cell pneumatised areas, as determined by X-ray, underwent computed tomography scanning of the middle ear. Mastoid air cell surface areas and volumes were then reconstructed from serial imaging sections, using Image J software.Results:Mastoid air cell volumes varied from 0.7 to 21.4 ml, and were linearly related to the pneumatised area. Right and left mastoid air cell volumes and surface areas were highly correlated. The mastoid air cell surface area was a linear function of volume.Conclusion:The relationship between mastoid air cell surface area and volume is similar over a wide range of volumes. Given that the rate of gas exchange across the mastoid air cell mucosa is related to the mastoid air cell surface area, that rate will thus also be a direct linear function of the mastoid air cell volume.

Abstract 3770: Concentration-dependent Divergent Hypertrophic Effects of Estrogen in Adult Ventricular Myocytes

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Kilic ◽  
Sabzali A Javadov ◽  
Morris Karmazyn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
High Concentrations

High concentrations of estrogen have been shown to attenuate myocardial hypertrophy and left ventricular remodeling. However, the effects of low concentration of estrogen observed in postmenopausal women on cardiac hypertrophy have not been studied. In the present study we examined the effects of high (0.1 and 1 nM) and low (1 and 10 pM) concentration of the synthetic analog of estradiol, 17β-estradiol (E2) on adult cardiomyocytes (CMs). CMs were isolated from adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The cells were used immediately after isolation to measure pH i or cultured to assess hypertrophic phenotype (cell surface area), gene markers (atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP), and protein activation. Low concentration of E2 (1 and 10 pM) increased cell surface area (females: 20%, P <0.05; males: 28%, P <0.05) and ANP expression (females: 394%, P <0.05; males: 497%, P <0.05) after 24 h. However, high concentrations (0.1 and 1 nM) of E2 did not induce cell hypertrophy but instead blocked the hypertrophic effect of the α 1 -agonist phenylephrinerophy. The pro-hypertrophic effect of low concentration of E2 was prevented by the sodium-hydrogen exchange isoform 1 (NHE-1) specific inhibitor AVE-4890 (AVE, 5 μM) suggesting involvement of NHE-1 in mediating the E2-induced hypertrophy. Fluorometric measurements with the pH i -sensitive dye BCECF demonstrated that a 1 pM E2 increased the pH i (females: +0.05 pH units; males +0.12 pH units, P <0.05) by a rapid non-genomic mechanism that was blocked by AVE. On the other hand, 1 nM E2 decreased the pH i (females: −0.24 pH units, P <0.05; males: −0.07 pH units, P <0.05) and this effect was also prevented by AVE. The NHE-1-mediated pro-hypertrophic effect of 1 pM E2 was dependent on phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK since the effect was blocked with the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (10 μM) and there was no gender difference on ERK1/2 activation. E2 has a dual concentration-dependent role in adult CMs as manifested by a pro-hypertrophic effect at low concentrations (1 and 10 pM), and conversely, an anti-hypertrophic effect at high concentrations (0.1 and 1 nM). The pro-hypertrophic effect of E2 is mediated, at least in part, through ERK1/2/NHE-1 activation.

Analysis of hydrostatic pressure-induced changes in umbrella cell surface area

Methods ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Wang ◽  
Steven Truschel ◽  
Gerard Apodaca
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Umbrella Cell ◽  
Induced Changes
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