scholarly journals Identification of two CiGADs from Caragana intermedia and their transcriptional responses to abiotic stresses and exogenous abscisic acid

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Ji ◽  
Lingyu Zheng ◽  
Jianyun Yue ◽  
Xiamei Yao ◽  
Ermei Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Caragana Intermedia

Background Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), as a key enzyme in the γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-glutamate to form GABA. This pathway has attracted much interest because of its roles in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, stress responses, and signaling in higher plants. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize genes encoding GADs from Caragana intermedia, an important nitrogen-fixing leguminous shrub. Methods Two full-length cDNAs encoding GADs (designated as CiGAD1 and CiGAD2) were isolated and characterized. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to evaluate their structures and identities to each other and to homologs in other plants. Tissue expression analyses were conducted to evaluate their transcriptional responses to stress (NaCl, ZnSO4, CdCl2, high/low temperature, and dehydration) and exogenous abscisic acid. Results The CiGADs contained the conserved PLP domain and calmodulin (CaM)-binding domain in the C-terminal region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that they were more closely related to the GADs of soybean, another legume, than to GADs of other model plants. According to Southern blotting analysis, CiGAD1 had one copy and CiGAD2-related genes were present as two copies in C. intermedia. In the tissue expression analyses, there were much higher transcript levels of CiGAD2 than CiGAD1 in bark, suggesting that CiGAD2 might play a role in secondary growth of woody plants. Several stress treatments (NaCl, ZnSO4, CdCl2, high/low temperature, and dehydration) significantly increased the transcript levels of both CiGADs, except for CiGAD2 under Cd stress. The CiGAD1 transcript levels strongly increased in response to Zn stress (74.3-fold increase in roots) and heat stress (218.1-fold increase in leaves). The transcript levels of both CiGADs significantly increased as GABA accumulated during a 24-h salt treatment. Abscisic acid was involved in regulating the expression of these two CiGADs under salt stress. Discussion This study showed that two CiGADs cloned from C. intermedia are closely related to homologs in another legume, soybean. CiGAD2 expression was much higher than that of CiGAD1 in bark, indicating that CiGAD2 might participate in the process of secondary growth in woody plants. Multiple stresses, interestingly, showed that Zn and heat stresses had the strongest effects on CiGAD1 expression, suggesting that CiGAD1 plays important roles in the responses to Zn and heat stresses. Additionally, these two genes might be involved in ABA dependent pathway during stress. This result provides important information about the role of GADs in woody plants’ responses to environmental stresses.

Analysis of wound-induced gene expression in Nicotiana species with contrasting alkaloid profiles

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Sinclair ◽  
Richard Johnson ◽  
John D. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Nicotiana Sylvestris ◽  
Nicotiana Glauca ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Alkaloid Profiles

We determined the capacity of three Nicotiana (Solanaceae) species with very different alkaloid profiles (Nicotiana sylvestris Speg & Comes, Nicotiana alata Link & Otto and Nicotiana glauca Grah.) to increase their alkaloid contents in both leaf and root tissues following foliage damage. We also investigated the transcriptional responses of genes encoding enzymes important for alkaloid biosynthesis, namely quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPT), putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the putative alkaloid biosynthetic gene A622. In response to wounding of foliage in the well studied ‘model’ species N. sylvestris, a rise, approximately 2-fold, in leaf nicotine levels was observed several days after a 4–5-fold increase in the transcript levels of all genes in the roots. In contrast, leaf tissues of the ornamental tobacco N. alata showed very low levels of any pyridine alkaloid, even when analysed 1 week after wounding, correlating with a general lack of transcript abundance representing any of these genes in leaves or roots following foliage damage. However, addition of methyl jasmonate to cultured roots of N. alata did produce elevated levels of nicotine and anatabine raising the possibility that components of the leaf–root wound signalling system in N. alata are different from those in N. sylvestris. Wounding of the tree tobacco N. glauca, was followed by a 2-fold increase in anabasine levels several days later. This increase followed a large rise in transcript levels of ODC, QPT and A622, though not PMT, in wounded leaves, but not in non-wounded leaves or roots. These data support the hypothesis that N. glauca is able to produce increased anabasine levels following wounding in its foliage, setting it apart from N. sylvestris where induced alkaloid production takes place in roots. We discuss the possibility that increased transcript levels detected by ODC and A622 probes play important roles in anabasine synthesis in N. glauca.

scholarly journals Identification and Expression Analysis of Stress-Associated Proteins (SAPs) Containing A20/AN1 Zinc Finger in Cucumber

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Wei Lai ◽  
Yong Zhou ◽  
Rao Pan ◽  
Liting Liao ◽  
Juncheng He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Tissue Expression Analysis ◽  
Associated Proteins

Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) are a class of zinc finger proteins that confer tolerance to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses in diverse plant species. However, in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), very little is known about the roles of SAP gene family members in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, a total of 12 SAP genes (named as CsSAP1-CsSAP12) were identified in the cucumber genome, which were unevenly distributed on six chromosomes. Gene duplication analysis detected one tandem duplication and two segmental duplication events. Phylogenetic analysis of SAP proteins from cucumber and other plants suggested that they could be divided into seven groups (sub-families), and proteins in the same group generally had the same arrangement of AN1 (ZnF-AN1) and A20 (ZnF-A20) domains. Most of the CsSAP genes were intronless and harbored a number of stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements in their promoter regions. Tissue expression analysis showed that the CsSAP genes had a broad spectrum of expression in different tissues, and some of them displayed remarkable alteration in expression during fruit development. RT-qPCR results indicated that all the selected CsSAP genes displayed transcriptional responses to cold, drought, and salt stresses. These results enable the first comprehensive description of the SAP gene family in cucumber and lay a solid foundation for future research on the biological functions of CsSAP genes.

scholarly journals ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF RAFFINOSE FAMILY OLIGOSACCHARIDES INCREASES DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF COLD ACCLIMATION IN SEVERAL WOODY PLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1263a-1263
Author(s):  
V. Esensee ◽  
R. Remmele ◽  
C. Stushnoff ◽  
M. McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
High Water ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Binding Characteristics ◽  
Endogenous Production ◽  
Field Samples

Woody plants can be induced to cold-acclimate by exposure to sublethal low temperatures, but only after the onset of vegetative maturity. We monitored seven woody plant taxa, at monthly intervals, to determine the date of vegetative maturity, freeze-killing temperature, cell membrane electrolyte leakage, and the quantity and diversity of endogenous oligosaccharides. The freeze-killing temperature changed from -5 to -7C before vegetative maturity to -15 to -20C after vegetative maturity. There was a 10-fold increase in raffinose and about a 3-fold increase in endogenous stachyose in samples that were cold-acclimated under controlled conditions. In field samples, endogenous raffinose increased from <0.02% in August to 2% to 11% in cortical stem tissues of all cold-acclimated taxa. The tetrasaccharide stachyose increased from <0.02% to 0.25% to 2.5% for similar comparisons. None of the other sugars or polyols showed similar, consistent patterns during the onset of cold acclimation. In response to low temperature, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) have previously been shown to increase substantially in cabbage, soybean, kidney bean, and Chlorella. RFOs also possess high water-binding characteristics and tend to enhance aqueous glass transitions. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the endogenous production of these oligosaccharides may play an important role in metabolic events associated with cryoprotection of critical cellular functions during low-temperature stress.

scholarly journals Acclimation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeto Low Temperature: A Chemostat-based Transcriptome Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5100-5112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew Leng Tai ◽  
Pascale Daran-Lapujade ◽  
Michael C. Walsh ◽  
Jack T. Pronk ◽  
Jean-Marc Daran
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Stress Response ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Limiting Nutrients

Effects of suboptimal temperatures on transcriptional regulation in yeast have been extensively studied in batch cultures. To eliminate indirect effects of specific growth rates that are inherent to batch-cultivation studies, genome-wide transcriptional responses to low temperatures were analyzed in steady-state chemostats, grown at a fixed specific growth rate (0.03 h−1). Although in vivo metabolic fluxes were essentially the same in cultures grown at 12 and at 30°C, concentrations of the growth-limiting nutrients (glucose or ammonia) were higher at 12°C. This difference was reflected by transcript levels of genes that encode transporters for the growth-limiting nutrients. Several transcriptional responses to low temperature occurred under both nutrient-limitation regimes. Increased transcription of ribosome-biogenesis genes emphasized the importance of adapting protein-synthesis capacity to low temperature. In contrast to observations in cold-shock and batch-culture studies, transcript levels of environmental stress response genes were reduced at 12°C. Transcription of trehalose-biosynthesis genes and intracellular trehalose levels indicated that, in contrast to its role in cold-shock adaptation, trehalose is not involved in steady-state low-temperature adaptation. Comparison of the chemostat-based transcriptome data with literature data revealed large differences between transcriptional reprogramming during long-term low-temperature acclimation and the transcriptional responses to a rapid transition to low temperature.

Cold Promoted Activation of Factor VII

1972 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Gjønnæss
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Plasma Kallikrein ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
Overnight Incubation ◽  
Esterolytic Activity

SummaryThe activating principle (CPA) of the factor VII activation seen in plasmas of women taking oral contraceptives after overnight incubation of the plasmas at 0° C was investigated. The reaction was dependent on low temperature, and factor XII was indispensable. Concomitant with the activation of factor VII a 10–30 fold increase in TAME esterolytic activity was observed together with a near 100 per cent drop in plasma kininogen concentration. The results indicated that the activation of factor VII is linked to activation of the kallikrein system, and that the activator may be plasma kallikrein.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) genes in barley and RNA-seq analyses of their expression in response to abscisic acid treatment

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Chen ◽  
Longhua Zhou ◽  
Panpan Jiang ◽  
Ruiju Lu ◽  
Nigel G. Halford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Genome Data

Abstract Background Sucrose nonfermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRKs) play important roles in regulating metabolism and stress responses in plants, providing a conduit for crosstalk between metabolic and stress signalling, in some cases involving the stress hormone, abscisic acid (ABA). The burgeoning and divergence of the plant gene family has led to the evolution of three subfamilies, SnRK1, SnRK2 and SnRK3, of which SnRK2 and SnRK3 are unique to plants. Therefore, the study of SnRKs in crops may lead to the development of strategies for breeding crop varieties that are more resilient under stress conditions. In the present study, we describe the SnRK gene family of barley (Hordeum vulgare), the widespread cultivation of which can be attributed to its good adaptation to different environments. Results The barley HvSnRK gene family was elucidated in its entirety from publicly-available genome data and found to comprise 50 genes. Phylogenetic analyses assigned six of the genes to the HvSnRK1 subfamily, 10 to HvSnRK2 and 34 to HvSnRK3. The search was validated by applying it to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) genome data, identifying 50 SnRK genes in rice (four OsSnRK1, 11 OsSnRK2 and 35 OsSnRK3) and 39 in Arabidopsis (three AtSnRK1, 10 AtSnRK2 and 26 AtSnRK3). Specific motifs were identified in the encoded barley proteins, and multiple putative regulatory elements were found in the gene promoters, with light-regulated elements (LRE), ABA response elements (ABRE) and methyl jasmonate response elements (MeJa) the most common. RNA-seq analysis showed that many of the HvSnRK genes responded to ABA, some positively, some negatively and some with complex time-dependent responses. Conclusions The barley HvSnRK gene family is large, comprising 50 members, subdivided into HvSnRK1 (6 members), HvSnRK2 (10 members) and HvSnRK3 (34 members), showing differential positive and negative responses to ABA.

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