scholarly journals Effects of chronic exposure to clothianidin on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Basley ◽  
Dave Goulson
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Worm Body ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Rule Out

Although neonicotinoids are targeted at insects, their predominant use as a seed dressing and their long persistence in soils mean that non-target soil organisms such as earthworms are likely to be chronically exposed to them. Chronic exposure may pose risks that are not evaluated in most toxicity tests. We experimentally tested the effect of field-realistic concentrations of a commonly used neonicotinoid, clothianidin, on mortality, weight gain, and food consumption to assess the impacts of chronic exposure over four months on fitness of L. terrestris individuals. We undertook three separate experiments, each with different exposure routes: treated soil only (experiment A), treated food and soil combined (experiment B) and treated food only (experiment C). Mortality was negatively affected by exposure from treated soil only with greatest mortality observed in the groups exposed to the two highest concentrations (20 ppb and 100 ppb), but no clear effect on mortality was found in the other two experiments. When clothianidin was present in the food, an anti-feedant effect was present in months one and two which subsequently disappeared; if this occurs in the field, it could result in reduced rates of decomposition of treated crop foliage. We found no significant effects of any treatment on worm body mass. We cannot rule out stronger adverse effects if worms come into close proximity to treated seeds, or if other aspects of fitness were examined. Overall, our data suggest that field-realistic exposure to clothianidin has a significant but temporary effect on food consumption and can have weak but significant impacts on mortality of L. terrestris.

scholarly journals Effects of chronic exposure to benzophenone and diclofenac on DNA methylation levels and reproductive success in a marine copepod

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anais Guyon ◽  
Kirsty F. Smith ◽  
Maria P. Charry ◽  
Olivier Champeau ◽  
Louis A. Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Reference Toxicant ◽  
Multigenerational Effects

The UV-filter benzophenone and the anti-inflammatory diclofenac are commonly detected in the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the multigenerational effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of these chemicals on toxicity and DNA methylation levels in the copepod Gladioferens pectinatus. Acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine the sensitivity of G. pectinatus to the chemicals. All chemicals impacted breeding, hatching and egg viability. Diclofenac (1 mg.L-1) reduced the number of eggs per gravid female. Benzophenone (0.5 mg.L-1) decreased egg hatching success. Exposure to the reference toxicant copper (0.02 mg.L-1) led to unsuccessful hatching. Effects on DNA methylation was estimated by the percentage of 5- methylcytosine. The treatments resulted in strong differences in DNA methylation with increased methylation in the exposed animals. The two chemicals impacted both egg viability and the induction of differential DNA methylation, suggesting potential intra- and trans-generational evolutionary effects.

Risk assessment of chronic dietary exposure to the conjugated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-glucoside in the Dutch population

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Janssen ◽  
R.C. Sprong ◽  
P.W. Wester ◽  
M. De Boevre ◽  
M.J.B. Mengelers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Dutch Population ◽  
Worst Case

In this study, a risk assessment of dietary exposure to the conjugated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-glucoside (DON-3G) in the Dutch population was conducted. Data on DON-3G levels in food products available in the Netherlands are scarce. Therefore, data on co-occurring levels of DON-3G and deoxynivalenol (DON), its parent compound, were used to estimate the DON-3G/DON ratio for several food product categories. This resulted in a DON-3G/DON ratio of 0.2 (90% confidence interval (CI): 0.04-0.9) in grains & grain-milling products, 0.3 (90% CI: 0.03-2.8) in grain-based products and 0.8 (90% CI: 0.4-1.8) in beer. These ratios were applied to the Dutch monitoring data of DON to estimate the DON-3G concentrations in food products available in the Netherlands. DON and DON-3G concentrations were combined with food consumption data of two Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys to assess chronic exposure in young children (2-6 years), children (7-16 years) and adults (17-69 years) using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment program. The chronic exposure levels of DON, DON-3G and the sum of both compounds (DON+DON-3G) were compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1 μg/kg body weight/day which is based on the most critical effect of DON, namely decreased body weight gain. The assumption was made that DON-3G is deconjugated and then fully absorbed as DON in the gastro-intestinal tract. Exposure (P97.5) of the population aged 7-16 years and 17-69 years to DON or DON-3G separately, did not exceed the TDI. However, exposure to upper bound levels of DON+DON-3G (i.e. worst-case scenario) in the same age categories (P97.5) exceeded the TDI with a maximum factor of 1.3. Exposure (P97.5) of the 2-6 year-olds to DON was close to the TDI. Within this group, exposure (P97.5) to upper bound levels of DON+DON-3G exceeded the TDI with not more than a factor 2.

scholarly journals Roundup causes embryonic development failure and alters metabolic pathways and gut microbiota functionality in non-target species

Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Suppa ◽  
Jouni Kvist ◽  
Xiaojing Li ◽  
Vignesh Dhandapani ◽  
Hanan Almulla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Development Failure ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Research around the weedkiller Roundup is among the most contentious of the twenty-first century. Scientists have provided inconclusive evidence that the weedkiller causes cancer and other life-threatening diseases, while industry-paid research reports that the weedkiller has no adverse effect on humans or animals. Much of the controversial evidence on Roundup is rooted in the approach used to determine safe use of chemicals, defined by outdated toxicity tests. We apply a system biology approach to the biomedical and ecological model species Daphnia to quantify the impact of glyphosate and of its commercial formula, Roundup, on fitness, genome-wide transcription and gut microbiota, taking full advantage of clonal reproduction in Daphnia. We then apply machine learning-based statistical analysis to identify and prioritize correlations between genome-wide transcriptional and microbiota changes. Results We demonstrate that chronic exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of glyphosate and Roundup at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water in the US induce embryonic developmental failure, induce significant DNA damage (genotoxicity), and interfere with signaling. Furthermore, chronic exposure to the weedkiller alters the gut microbiota functionality and composition interfering with carbon and fat metabolism, as well as homeostasis. Using the “Reactome,” we identify conserved pathways across the Tree of Life, which are potential targets for Roundup in other species, including liver metabolism, inflammation pathways, and collagen degradation, responsible for the repair of wounds and tissue remodeling. Conclusions Our results show that chronic exposure to concentrations of Roundup and glyphosate at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water causes embryonic development failure and alteration of key metabolic functions via direct effect on the host molecular processes and indirect effect on the gut microbiota. The ecological model species Daphnia occupies a central position in the food web of aquatic ecosystems, being the preferred food of small vertebrates and invertebrates as well as a grazer of algae and bacteria. The impact of the weedkiller on this keystone species has cascading effects on aquatic food webs, affecting their ability to deliver critical ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Treatment of Actinic Keratoses Facilitates Dermatoscopic Diagnosis of Early Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Alise Balcere ◽  
Raimonds Karls ◽  
Ingrīda Čēma ◽  
Māra Rone Kupfere ◽  
Ludmila Vīksna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Actinic Keratoses ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Basal Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Topical Chemotherapy

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation induces gradual changes in cutaneous morphology, which with increasing damage leads to the appearance of cancerous skin lesions. Among them, basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and actinic keratoses (AKs) are the most common entities. Both lesions often develop as two separate lesions in a single individual at a conspicuous distance, close proximity or as collision lesions, which are characterized by the coexistence of both cancers in the same anatomical site. Collision lesions in which AK precisely overlies BCC is a rarely reported entity. We report a case where the presence of BCC was dermatoscopically detected after an overlying AK was treated with topical chemotherapy, thus indicating that treatment of AK allows better visualization of other underlying malignancies.

scholarly journals Effects of birch tar oils on soil organisms and plants

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HAGNER ◽  
T. PASANEN ◽  
B. LINDQVIST
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

The use of birch tar oil (BTO) is a new innovation in plant and animal protection working against various weeds, harmful insects and rodents. Due to its novelty as a biocide/repellent/plant protection product, no comprehensive information on the effects of BTO on non-target soil organisms is available. In this study we examined the impact of BTO on non-target soil organisms (enchytraeids, nematodes and soil microbes) and plants using laboratory toxicity tests and field experiments. In addition, we determined the LC50 value of BTO to the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa and the EC50 value of BTO to the offspring production of the collembolan Folsomia candida. The effects of BTO on soil fauna were mostly insignificant. BTO seemed to be detrimental to the growth of plants directly after application, but this effect was short-term; after a period of 2.5 months, the growth of most of the plant species recovered completely from the application. The LC50 for A. caliginosa was 6560 mg BTO kg-1 dry soil and EC50 for juvenile production of F. candida was 5100 mg BTO kg-1 dry soil. The results indicate that the risk caused by BTOs (concentration 500-1360 L ha-1) to the soil environment is insignificant and short-term as compared to the many chemical products applied for similar purposes.;

scholarly journals EARTHWORMS AFFECT MINERALIZATION OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC AMENDMENTS IN A MICROCOSM STUDY

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sandor ◽  
S. Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Earthworm Casts ◽  
Set Up

The efficiency of organic amendment applications as a sustainable practice is directly related with activity of soil organisms and their interactions. Earthworms (Lumbricidae) are one of the most important group of soil organisms, which can critically affect organic matter mineralization by incorporating, decomposing and redistributing soil surface organic matter. To study the decomposition and mineralization of two organic amendments (i.e. barley straw and cattle manure) a number of 30 microcosms was set up using polypropylene tubes filled with soil (FAO: luvisol). Half of the microcosms were inoculated with two species of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa), while half remained without animals. Different lengths of 13C labelled barley straw and cattle manure were put on the surface of each column. After 45 days of incubation, the organic matter consumption was recorded and earthworm casts and soil (top 10 cm) were analysed. The results showed that the organic matter consumption rate is higher in manure treatments compared with straw treatments. The amount of consumed manure was about 63% from added quantity in earthworm treatments, respectively 26% in control treatments. The straw consumption rate was far less only 19% and 20% of added straw being consumed in earthworm treatments, respectively 13% and 15% in control treatments. However, the earthworms preferred a straw length of 2.5 cm. Earthworm activity stimulated microbial biomass, improved Nt and N-NO3- content of the soil and reduced C/N ratio.

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