scholarly journals A resource-based game theoretical approach for the paradox of the plankton

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weini Huang ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Araujo Campos ◽  
Viviane Moraes de Oliveira ◽  
Fernando Fagundes Ferrreira
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Evolutionary Games ◽  
Payoff Matrix ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
Game Theoretical Approach ◽  
Plankton Communities ◽  
Over Time

The maintenance of species diversity is a central focus in ecology. It is not rare to observe more species than the number of limiting resources, especially in plankton communities. However, such high species diversity is hard to achieve in theory under the competitive exclusion principles, known as the plankton paradox. Previous studies often focus on the coexistence of predefined species and ignore the fact that species can evolve. We model multi-resource competitions using evolutionary games, where the number of species fluctuates under extinction and the appearance of new species. The interspecific and intraspecific competitions are captured by a dynamical payoff matrix, which has a size of the number of species. The competition strength (payoff entries) is obtained from comparing the capability of species in consuming resources, which can change over time. This allows for the robust coexistence of a large number of species, providing a possible solution to the plankton paradox.

scholarly journals The variation of bird diversity in various oil palm land cover in North Mamuju, West Sulawesi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitti Ramlah ◽  
YANTO SANTOSA ◽  
NYOTO SANTOSO ◽  
SITI BADRIYAH RUSHAYATI
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
Bird Species Diversity

Abstract. Ramlah S, Santosa Y, Santoso N, Rushayati SB. 2021. The variation of bird diversity in various oil palm land cover in North Mamuju, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3068-3074. The development of oil palm plantations provides various positive impacts. On the other hand, this development is suspected to bring negative impacts on biodiversity, especially reducing bird species diversity. Based on the other research, well-managed oil palm plantations that maintain high conservation value areas have high species diversity. This study aimed to identify bird species diversity in different types of oil palm plantation land covers in North Mamuju. Data observation of bird species was performed using the transect method. There were 4 transects on each land cover. The results of this study showed that the young oil palm area had a high index of diversity and species richness. The high species diversity in the young palm area was caused by habitat variations. There was a water flow that provides more feed sources. The distance between the young oil palm area and secondary forest area affected the number of species, species richness and diversity of bird species. The category of insectivore guild which included aerial insectivores and insectivores was the dominant guild in all types of land cover, both in the number of species and the number of individual abundances.

scholarly journals LOCAL ASPECTS OF REGIONAL DIVERSITY AND DYNAMICS OF MACROPHYTOBENTOS IN THE BLACK SEA (BLUEBAY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
I.K. Evstigneeva ◽  
I.N. Tankovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Ecological Structure ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Over Time

The species composition, ecological structure, features of phytomass formation and their variability over time are described. The phytocenosis includes 46 macroalgae species of Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta phylums. Among the phylums, the highest diversity of species and genera was noted for Rhodophyta. The ecological structure of the phytocenosis is formed by algae from 12 ecogroups, among which marine, leading, annual, and oligosaprobic species dominate. Species of Ochrophyta phylum, and especially representatives of the genus Cystoseira , are most involved in the production process. A peculiarity of the temporal dynamics of the characteristics of the studied phytocenosis is high variability of the species diversity and phytomass of Chlorophyta, as well as the absolute number of species in ecogroups. The biological “norm” is not exceeded for intra-annual changes in the species diversity and phytomass of Ochrophyta, and the relative number of species in phylums and ecogroups. Rhodophyta in this respect is intermediate. Interannual fluctuations in the species composition, in contrast to intra-annual fluctuations, occur with lower intensity. The species proportion of phylums remains constant over time. It was shown that cystosiric phytocenosis, despite the anthropogenic press, retains the basic structural and functional features of macrophytobenthos of the Black Sea.

INFAUNAL RECOVERY AT EDIZ HOOK FOLLOWING THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
William M. Blaylock ◽  
Jonathan P. Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Average Biomass ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Pollution Events ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Crude Oil Spill

ABSTRACT The Arco Anchorage crude oil spill occurred near Ediz Hook, in Port Angeles, Washington, in 1985. Following the spill, replicate infaunal sampling was carried out during five summer and winter seasons at a series of transects that ranged from relatively clean and unaffected by the spill to industrialized sites that had received heavy oiling. Average wet weight biomass, abundance, species diversity, and number of species were calculated for all samples. Analysis of variance was used to test for differences in these parameters over time within a transect. A statistically significant increase in average biomass, density, and species diversity was seen at several heavily oiled stations over time. A similar pattern was not seen at an unoiled reference station. Biomass, density, and number of species had significant negative correlations with sediment hydrocarbon concentration. A widespread settlement of bivalves was observed in October 1986 samples. Several species from this settlement (e.g., Macoma nasuta and Clinocardium nuttallii) were present in successively larger sized classes in subsequent samplings. The industrialized nature of Ediz Hook and pollution events unrelated to the oil spill probably limited the degree of recovery and re-colonization documented at several of the transects.

scholarly journals Herd-Level and Individual Differences in Fecal Lactobacilli Dynamics of Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Emilia König ◽  
Virpi Sali ◽  
Paulina Heponiemi ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Anna Valros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
General Management ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Sequencing Technique ◽  
Piglet Serum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Fecal Sampling

We studied the fecal lactobacilli count and species diversity of growing pigs along with immune parameters associated with intestinal lactobacilli. Thirty pigs categorized as small (S, n = 12) or large (L, n = 18) at birth were followed from birth to slaughter in two commercial herds, H1 and H2. Herds differed in terms of their general management. We determined sow colostrum quality, colostrum intake, piglet serum immunoglobulins, and pig growth. We took individual fecal samples from pigs in the weaning and finishing units. We studied lactobacilli count and identified their diversity with 16S PCR. Total lactobacilli count increased in H1 and decreased in H2 between samplings. Lactobacilli species diversity was higher in H1 in both fecal sampling points, whereas diversity decreased over time in both herds. We identified altogether seven lactobacilli species with a maximum of five (one to five) species in one herd. However, a relatively large proportion of lactobacilli remained unidentified with the used sequencing technique. Small pigs had higher lactobacilli counts in both herds but the difference was significant only in H2 (p = 0.01). Colostrum quality was numerically better in H1 than in H2, where colostrum intake tended to be associated with total lactobacilli count (p = 0.05).

scholarly journals Red Sea fish market assessments indicate high species diversity and potential overexploitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 105922
Author(s):  
Claire T. Shellem ◽  
Joanne I. Ellis ◽  
Darren J. Coker ◽  
Michael L. Berumen
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
Sea Fish

A six locus phylogeny reveals high species diversity in Botryosphaeriaceae from California almond

Mycologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Inderbitzin ◽  
Richard M. Bostock ◽  
Florent P. Trouillas ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
High Species Diversity

Diverse perennial crop mixtures sustain higher productivity over time based on ecological complementarity

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentín D. Picasso ◽  
E. Charles Brummer ◽  
Matt Liebman ◽  
Philip M. Dixon ◽  
Brian J. Wilsey
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Complementarity Effect ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Diversity Effects ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCropping systems that rely on renewable energy and resources and are based on ecological principles could be more stable and productive into the future than current monoculture systems with serious unintended environmental consequences such as soil erosion and water pollution. In nonagricultural systems, communities with higher species diversity have higher productivity and provide other ecosystem services. However, communities of well-adapted crop species selected for biomass production may respond differently to increasing diversity. Diversity effects may be due to complementarity among species (complementary resource use and facilitative interactions) or positive selection effects (e.g., species with higher productivity dominate the mixture), and these effects may change over time or across environments. Our goal was to identify the ecological mechanisms causing diversity effects in a biodiversity experiment using agriculturally relevant species, and evaluate the implications for the design of sustainable cropping systems. We seeded seven perennial forage species in a replicated field experiment at two locations in Iowa, USA, and evaluated biomass productivity of monocultures and two- to six-species mixtures over 3 years after the establishment year under management systems of contrasting intensity: one or three harvests per year. Productivity increased with seeded species richness in all environments, and the positive relationship did not change over time. Polyculture overyielding was due to complementarity among species in the community rather than to selection effects of individual species. Complementarity increased as a log-linear function of species richness in all environments, and this trend was consistent across years. Legume–grass facilitation may explain much of this complementarity effect. Although individual species with high biomass production had a major effect on productivity of mixtures, the species producing the highest biomass in monoculture changed over the years in most environments. Furthermore, transgressive overyielding was observed and was more prevalent in later years, in some environments. We conclude that choosing a single well-adapted species for maximizing productivity may not be the best alternative over the long term and that high levels of species diversity should be included in the design of productive and ecologically sound agricultural systems.

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