scholarly journals ­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Jerabek ◽  
Kara R. Wall ◽  
Christopher D. Stallings
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Legislative Changes

Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic for scientists and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scraping, scrubbing). Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. Consequently, the viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. There were six treatments tested, comprising three with settlement tiles in experimental cages coated with antifouling paint, two with settlement tiles in unpainted experimental cages, and one cage-free suspended tile. The three antifouling treatments comprised two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea™-based paint (labeled “ecofriendly”). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance of preventing fouling of the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. All three paints performed well to reduce fouling of the cages during the initial six weeks of the experiment, but the efficacy of “ecofriendly” paint began to decrease during an extended deployment that lasted 14 weeks. The macro-community composition, biomass, and percent cover of settled organism on tiles within cages treated with copper-based paints (21% and 40% concentrations) were indistinguishable from tiles within the manually scrubbed cages. In contrast, settlement to tiles from the “ecofriendly” treatment was different in composition of macro-community and lower in biomass, suggesting the presence of local effects and therefore rendering it unsuitable for use in settlement experiments. The results of this study suggest that reduced-copper paints have the potential to serve as an alternative to manual maintenance, which may be useful for deployments in locations that are difficult to access on a frequent schedule.

scholarly journals ­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Jerabek ◽  
Kara R. Wall ◽  
Christopher D. Stallings
Keyword(s):  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Predator Exclusion ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Legislative Changes

Predator exclusion cages are commonly used to enclose settlement tiles to distinguish between pre- and post-recruitment processes. Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic, and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scrubbing twice per week). However, such intense efforts can be both labor intensive and costly, especially with apparatuses in remote locations, and may also have unintended effects on study results. Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. The viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. Six treatment levels were tested, three with and three without antifouling paints. The three antifouling treatments consisted of two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea®-based paint (considered “ecofriendly”). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance on the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. The community compositions, biomass, and percent cover of tiles inside cages treated with the copper-based paints were indistinguishable from those inside manually scrubbed cages, while the “ecofriendly” paint resulted in reduced local settlement. The results of this study suggest that the reduced-copper paints tested have the potential to serve as a viable replacement for manual maintenance.

scholarly journals ­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Jerabek ◽  
Kara R. Wall ◽  
Christopher D. Stallings
Keyword(s):  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Predator Exclusion ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Legislative Changes

Predator exclusion cages are commonly used to enclose settlement tiles to distinguish between pre- and post-recruitment processes. Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic, and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scrubbing twice per week). However, such intense efforts can be both labor intensive and costly, especially with apparatuses in remote locations, and may also have unintended effects on study results. Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. The viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. Six treatment levels were tested, three with and three without antifouling paints. The three antifouling treatments consisted of two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea®-based paint (considered “ecofriendly”). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance on the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. The community compositions, biomass, and percent cover of tiles inside cages treated with the copper-based paints were indistinguishable from those inside manually scrubbed cages, while the “ecofriendly” paint resulted in reduced local settlement. The results of this study suggest that the reduced-copper paints tested have the potential to serve as a viable replacement for manual maintenance.

Climate change refugia: landscape, stand and tree-scale microclimates in epiphyte community composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Ellis ◽  
Sally Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Epiphyte Community

AbstractThere is growing evidence that species and communities are responding to, and will continue to be affected by, climate change. For species at risk, vulnerability can be reduced by ensuring that their habitat is extensive, connected and provides opportunities for dispersal and/or gene flow, facilitating a biological response through migration or adaptation. For woodland epiphytes, vulnerability might also be reduced by ensuring sufficient habitat heterogeneity, so that microhabitats provide suitable local microclimates, even as the larger scale climate continues to change (i.e. microrefugia). This study used fuzzy set ordination to compare bryophyte and lichen epiphyte community composition to a large-scale gradient from an oceanic to a relatively more continental macroclimate. The residuals from this relationship identified microhabitats in which species composition reflected a climate that was more oceanic or more continental than would be expected given the prevailing macroclimate. Comparing these residuals to features that operate at different scales to create the microclimate (landscape, stand and tree-scale), it was possible to identify how one might engineer microrefugia into existing or new woodland, in order to reduce epiphyte vulnerability to climate change. Multimodel inference was used to identify the most important features for consideration, which included local effects such as height on the bole, angle of bole lean and bark water holding capacity, as well as tree species and tree age, and within the landscape, topographic wetness and physical exposure.

Comparison of plantations and naturally regenerated clearcuts in the Acadian Forest: forest floor bryophyte community and habitat features

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Ross-Davis ◽  
Katherine A Frego
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Disturbance Regimes ◽  
Acadian Forest

To address concern for loss of bryophyte biodiversity within managed forests, we compared community composition and environmental characteristics among three disturbance regimes: (i) naturally regenerated clear-cut forests, (ii) cutover spruce plantations (established on clear-cut forest land), and (iii) afforested field spruce plantations (established on agricultural fields) across a range of ages (19–102 years) in the Acadian Forest region of New Brunswick, Canada. Abundances of all forest floor bryophyte species, available substrates, microtopographical features, and tree canopy were measured as percent cover (1 m2) in 26 stands: 12 naturally regenerated clear-cut forests, eight cutover plantations, and six afforested field plantations. Multivariate analyses indicated that both bryophyte community composition and associated environment differed significantly across disturbance regimes, with no strong trends related to time since clearing (i.e., stand age). Spruce plantations were characterized by low substrate diversity and microtopographic and canopy homogeneity. Both plantation types had lower bryophyte species richness, evenness, and diversity (H') relative to naturally regenerated clear-cut forests; cutover plantations had the highest total bryophyte cover. The bryophyte community of plantations was composed of a subset of species found within naturally regenerated clear-cut forests: many liverworts and epixylic mosses were absent, with fewer pioneer species and more perennial stayers (equivalent to K-strategists) than expected.Key words: bryophyte, disturbance regime, substrate, canopy, microtopography, plantation.

scholarly journals Biocides in Antifouling Paint Formulations Currently Registered For Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Augusto Paz-Villarraga ◽  
Ítalo Braga Castro ◽  
Gilberto Fillmann
Keyword(s):  
Safety Data ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Fouling Organisms

Abstract Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several non-target organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environment occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the specific active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. Results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequently ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9±12.8 %, 2.9±1.6 %, 4.0±5.3 %, 5.4±2.0 %, 1.9±1.9 % and 18.1±8.0 % (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.

scholarly journals Licensing of Organotin Antifouling Paint Pest Control Applicators in Florida

EDIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Restricted Use

PI-152, a 4-page fact sheet by Frederick M. Fishel, explains the licensing and regulation of persons who apply restricted use organotin antifouling paints in Florida. Published by the UF Pesticide Information Office, April 2007.

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