scholarly journals Investigating body patterning in aquarium-raised flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Thomas ◽  
Christy MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Walt Disney ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Disney World ◽  
Body Patterning ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
And Behavior

Cuttlefish are known for their ability to quickly alter their total appearance, or body pattern, to camouflage or to communicate with predators, prey and conspecifics. The body patterns of some species have been extensively documented to gain a better understanding of their behaviors. However, the flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi) is largely unstudied. Recently, aquarists have been able to breed, house and displayM. pfefferi, giving researchers ample opportunities to study their behavior under those conditions. This study aimed to identify the dorsally-visible components of the body patterns used by 5 sexually-mature, freely-behaving, F5 generationM. pfefferiin their home aquarium at The Seas in Epcot at Walt Disney World Resorts®, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the most probable patterns used by this population of animals and to create a database of components that can be used in future behavioral studies. We found that this population ofM. pfefferiuse a combination of 7 textural, 14 postural, 7 locomotor and between 42 and 75 chromatic components in their home aquarium. Using maximum likelihood analysis and AutoClass@IJM software, we found that these components combine to generate 11 distinct body patterns. The software was able to sort 98% of the live animal observations into one of the 11 patterns with 90% confidence and 88% of observations with 99% confidence. Unusually for cuttlefish, 8 of the 11 identified patterns contained at least one “traveling” component (i.e., traveling waves or blinking spots) in which the colors on the skin appeared to travel on the animal’s mantle. In other species, these components are generally seen during hunting or aggression, but this population ofM. pfefferiuses them frequently during a variety of contexts in their home aquarium. With few published data on the behavior ofM. pfefferiin their natural environment, we cannot compare the behavior of the tank-raised individuals in this study to animals in the wild. However, this study provides the groundwork necessary for future studies ofM. pfefferibody patterning and behavior.

New Records of the Pygmy Right Whale (Caperea marginata) from South Africa, with Comments on Distribution, Migration, Appearance, and Behavior

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1005-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. B. Ross ◽  
P. B. Best ◽  
B. G. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
New Records ◽  
The Body ◽  
Right Whale ◽  
The World ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Inshore Waters ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
World Distribution

Nine South African records of Caperea marginata are strongly seasonal, all occurring in the period December–February. The world distribution is summarized, based on a total of 71 individuals. Migration may include dispersal of juveniles into inshore waters in spring and summer. The first underwater photographs of this species are presented, and from them and other records, the body shape and external pigmentation are described. Behavior in the wild is unspectacular, probably making the species relatively inconspicuous at sea.

Chromatophores and Body Patterning in the Squid Alloteuthis Subulata

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1243-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Cornwell ◽  
J.B. Messenger ◽  
R.T. Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Patterning ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Loliginid Squid ◽  
Fresh Skin ◽  
Made In

The chromatophore system of the small loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) is very simple and the repertoire of body patterns limited. There are red and yellow chromatophores only. On the dorsal mantle there are more yellows than reds; on the ventral mantle and there are more reds than yellows. The dorsal reds are larger than the yellows and bear more radial muscles. The significance of these findings is discussed.Alloteuthis subulata Lamarck is a small loliginid, common in shallow water near Plymouth (Holme, 1974; Lipinski, 1985; Rodhouse et al., 1988). Little is known of its natural history and behaviour and chromatophores and body patterns of adults have never been described, although the skin of this species has been used in physiological studies of colour change (Messenger, 1991; Messenger et al., 1991; Cornwell & Messenger, 1995).Over 100 adult animals of both sexes, caught by trawl at depths of 10–60 m, were examined; their mantle lengths ranged from 70 to 130 mm. Living animals were observed in large aquaria with circulating sea-water. Counts and measurements of chromatophores were made on colour photographs (taken through a Nikon dissecting microscope) of pieces of fresh skin (20×20 mm) dissected from animals killed by decapitation or after MgCl2 anaesthesia (Messenger et al., 1985). Chromatophores were counted first when fully retracted (by 1×10−3 M 5-HT) and then when fully expanded (with 1×10−3 M L-glutamate: Cornwell & Messenger, 1995). All measurements were made in the same area of the body: the central and anterior part of the mantle, dorsally and ventrally (Figure 2).

Artist as Scientist in a Reflective Universe: A Process of Discovery

Leonardo ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Gilah Yelin Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Art And Science ◽  
Body Patterning ◽  
Diverse World ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
And Behavior

Combining years as an artist in solitary wilderness sojourns with biomedical and neuroscientific investigation concerning mind/body patterning, the author has blended art and science to reveal existing relationships between form in nature, form in human physiology and behavior, and the forms that are universally present in all alphabets. Her understanding that the artist brings abstraction into form, while the scientist brings form into abstraction, coupled with her experience in diverse world cultures, has prompted her to contemplate the hardwired wisdom of the body as the repository of intrinsic knowledge leading toward health and behavior benefiting the greater good.

scholarly journals Prevention of Advanced Cancer by Vitamin D3 Supplementation: Interaction by Body Mass Index Revisited

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1408
Author(s):  
Hermann Brenner ◽  
Sabine Kuznia ◽  
Clarissa Laetsch ◽  
Tobias Niedermaier ◽  
Ben Schöttker
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Advanced Cancer ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vitamin D3 Supplementation

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated a protective effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation against cancer mortality. In the VITAL study, a RCT including 25,871 men ≥ 50 years and women ≥ 55 years, protective effects of vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IU/day over a median of 5.3 years) with respect to incidence of any cancer and of advanced cancer (metastatic cancer or cancer death) were seen for normal-weight participants but not for overweight or obese participants. We aimed to explore potential reasons for this apparent variation of vitamin D effects by body mass index. We conducted complementary analyses of published data from the VITAL study on the association of body weight with cancer outcomes, stratified by vitamin D3 supplementation. Significantly increased risks of any cancer and of advanced cancer were seen among normal-weight participants compared to obese participants in the control group (relative risk (RR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.52, and RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.04–1.97, respectively). No such patterns were seen in the intervention group. Among those with incident cancer, vitamin D3 supplementation was associated with a significantly reduced risk of advanced cancer (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74–0.99). The observed patterns point to pre-diagnostic weight loss of cancer patients and preventive effects of vitamin D3 supplementation from cancer progression as plausible explanations for the body mass index (BMI)—intervention interactions. Further research, including RCTs more comprehensively exploring the potential of adjuvant vitamin D therapy for cancer patients, should be pursued with priority.

scholarly journals Magnitude integration in the Archerfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Leibovich-Raveh ◽  
Ashael Raveh ◽  
Dana Vilker ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Magnitude Comparison ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Numerical Magnitudes ◽  
Shortest Queue

AbstractWe make magnitude-related decisions every day, for example, to choose the shortest queue at the grocery store. When making such decisions, which magnitudes do we consider? The dominant theory suggests that our focus is on numerical quantity, i.e., the number of items in a set. This theory leads to quantity-focused research suggesting that discriminating quantities is automatic, innate, and is the basis for mathematical abilities in humans. Another theory suggests, instead, that non-numerical magnitudes, such as the total area of the compared items, are usually what humans rely on, and numerical quantity is used only when required. Since wild animals must make quick magnitude-related decisions to eat, seek shelter, survive, and procreate, studying which magnitudes animals spontaneously use in magnitude-related decisions is a good way to study the relative primacy of numerical quantity versus non-numerical magnitudes. We asked whether, in an animal model, the influence of non-numerical magnitudes on performance in a spontaneous magnitude comparison task is modulated by the number of non-numerical magnitudes that positively correlate with numerical quantity. Our animal model was the Archerfish, a fish that, in the wild, hunts insects by shooting a jet of water at them. These fish were trained to shoot water at artificial targets presented on a computer screen above the water tank. We tested the Archerfish's performance in spontaneous, untrained two-choice magnitude decisions. We found that the fish tended to select the group containing larger non-numerical magnitudes and smaller quantities of dots. The fish selected the group containing more dots mostly when the quantity of the dots was positively correlated with all five different non-numerical magnitudes. The current study adds to the body of studies providing direct evidence that in some cases animals’ magnitude-related decisions are more affected by non-numerical magnitudes than by numerical quantity, putting doubt on the claims that numerical quantity perception is the most basic building block of mathematical abilities.

Development of surface pattern during division in Paramecium. II. Defective spatial control in the mutant kin241

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jerka-Dziadosz ◽  
N. Garreau de Loubresse ◽  
J. Beisson
Keyword(s):  
Basal Body ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Recessive Mutation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Nuclear Reorganization ◽  
In The Wild

kin241 is a monogenic nuclear recessive mutation producing highly pleiotropic effects on cell size and shape, generation time, thermosensitivity, nuclear reorganization and cortical organization. We have analyzed the nature of the cortical disorders and their development during division, using various specific antibodies labelling either one of the cortical cytoskeleton components, as was previously done for analysis of cortical pattern formation in the wild type. Several abnormalities in basal body properties were consistently observed, although with a variable frequency: extra microtubules in either the triplets or in the lumen; nucleation of a second kinetodesmal fiber; abnormal orientation of the newly formed basal body with respect to the mother one. The latter effect seems to account for the major observed cortical disorders (reversal, intercalation of supplementary ciliary rows). The second major effect of the mutation concerns the spatiotemporal map of cortical reorganization during division. Excess basal body proliferation occurs and is correlated with modified boundaries of some of the cortical domains identified in the wild type on the basis of their basal body duplication pattern. This is the first mutant described in a ciliate in which both the structure and duplication of basal bodies and the body plan are affected. The data support the conclusion that the mutation does not alter the nature of the morphogenetic signal(s) which pervade the dividing cell, nor the competence of cytoskeletal structures to respond to signalling, but affects the local interpretation of the signals.

Observation of the presence of crypsis in white mullet Mugil curema (Pisces: Mugilidae) juveniles under artificial rearing conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
Ana L. Ibáñez ◽  
Diana Y. Montero
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Pigmentation Change ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Dorsal Axis ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Dorsal Area ◽  
Being Moved ◽  
One Way Anova

This study documents the presence of crypsis in Mugil curema juveniles under laboratory culture. Initially, the juveniles were located in one brown tank (BT1), later almost half of the individuals were placed in a white tank (WT) where they showed a pigmentation change to white. After being moved to another brown tank (BT2), the juveniles changed to their brown original colour, but kept a few small white spots on the dorsal axis of the body. The ventral head melanophore pattern also changed in the white specimens. Temperature (°C), oxygen (mg l−1) and Illuminance light (Lux m−2), total length (mm) and total weight (g) were determined by tank. Chromaticity was measured in L*(relative luminance) a*(measurement relating to the redness or greenness of the light) b*(measurement relating to the yellowness or blueness of the light) coordinates where all three values are required to completely describe an object’s colour. One-way ANOVA showed no differences for temperature, oxygen and illuminance light among tanks. Length and weight were similar for BT1 and WT but both were different from BT2. The white juveniles depicted similar L* as the WT background as well as the dorsal area of the brown pigmentation and converted juveniles to the brown tanks BT1 and BT2, respectively. Therefore, the fish's body relative luminance matches the background. To our knowledge this behaviour has not been reported before for any fish mullet either cultured or living in the wild.

scholarly journals Emergence ecology of the critically endangered Urothemis edwardsii in a new colonized site in El Kala National Park (Algeria): conservation implications

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Baaloudj Affef
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Dragonfly Species

Urothemis edwardsii is one of the most threatened dragonfly species in the Mediterranean. Recent investigations and conservation efforts have increased the local geographic distribution of the species in Northeast Algeria, where a new population (named El Graeate) has been discovered. In the absence of information about the biology and behavior of U. edwardsii in this new site, a study was conducted on the emergence ecology of the species taking into account the temporal pattern of emergence, sex ratio, body size and microhabitat selection. Emergence, which was quite asynchronous, lasted for 50 days, with 50% of the population emerging within the first half of the period. Sex ratio at emergence was slightly female biased despite the absence of sexual size dimorphism, suggesting that size is not the only driving force behind mortality bias during the larval stage. There was a slight seasonal increase in the body size of exuviae (exoskeletons) in both sexes. Microhabitat selection, assessed as the vertical stratification of exuviae at ecdysis, was positively correlated with the height of supporting plants, but the relationship reached a plateau suggesting that there are predetermined limits to the vertical distribution of exuviae. These data will be essential for the future species protection, restoration and management attempts in the region.

scholarly journals alienated human

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Nguyen Anh Quoc ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Anh Thuong ◽  
Dinh The Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Van Bung
Keyword(s):  
Spare Parts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Senses ◽  
And Behavior

Man and nature is a unity between body and individual in behavior. Humans are liberty, creative, happy subjects in behavior and labor. By behavior and labor, humans produce tools, spare parts, machines, and robots to replace internal organs, lengthen the senses, and lengthen defective body parts. Evolution is no longer a mutation in the body but the assembly of accessories into organs, senses, and body parts when needed. People use devices that are manufactured to be used for what people want depending on specific conditions and circumstances. Labor and behavior make objectification of people, but alienated behavior and alienated labor make humanize the object. The time to enjoy liberty, creativity, and happiness is human, and the time to perform alienated behavior and alienated labor is the time to live for the non-human. People are corrupted into slavery to standards, money. It is the process of self-torture, torturing oneself; and the nobility of standards, the wealth of money is the unhappy product of life. Humans are liberty, creative and happy subjects; alienated human beings are all helpless, unhappy, deceit. Money, standards are products of helplessness, unhappiness, lies. Standards, money remove people from life.

scholarly journals Association between Cancer and Anatomical Site of Venous Thromboembolic Disease

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
David A Froehling ◽  
Damon E. Houghton ◽  
Waldemar E. Wysokinski ◽  
Robert D. McBane ◽  
Danielle Vlazny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Pulmonary Emboli ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
Active Cancer

Background:There is limited published data on the association between malignancy and the location of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the body. Aims:Assess the location of VTE in the body in patients with active cancer and compare these results in patients without malignancy. Methods:Consecutive patients enrolled in the Mayo Clinic VTE Registry between March 1, 2013 and November 30, 2019 for acute VTE were followed prospectively. Anatomical site of thrombosis and malignancy status were recorded. Patient outcomes were assessed in person, by mailed questionnaire, or by a scripted phone interview. Active cancer was defined as treatment for malignancy within the last six months or not yet in remission. Results:During the study period there were 2,798 patients with acute VTE (1256 with and 1542 without active cancer). Pulmonary emboli were more common in patients with active cancer compared to patients without cancer (49.5% vs. 39.7%, p<0.001). Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (11.4 % vs. 7.7%, p<0.001), renal vein thrombi (1.4% vs. 0.2%, p<0.001) and splanchnic vein thrombi (9.3% vs. 6.0%, p=0.001) were all more common in patients with active cancer compared to patients without cancer. Conclusion:Compared to those without malignancy, patients with active cancer were more likely to have pulmonary emboli, upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, renal vein thrombi, and splanchnic vein thrombi. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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