scholarly journals Aboveground carbon in Quebec forests: stock quantification at the provincial scale and assessment of temperature, precipitation and edaphic properties effects on the potential stand-level stocking

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Duchesne ◽  
Daniel Houle ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Marie-Claude Lambert ◽  
Travis Logan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Aboveground Carbon

Biological carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems plays an important role in the net balance of greenhouse gases, acting as a carbon sink for anthropogenic CO2emissions. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the abiotic environmental factors (including climate) that control carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests and consequently, about their potential response to climate changes. From a set of more than 94,000 forest inventory plots and a large set of spatial data on forest attributes interpreted from aerial photographs, we constructed a fine-resolution map (∼375 m) of the current carbon stock in aboveground live biomass in the 435,000 km2of managed forests in Quebec, Canada. Our analysis resulted in an area-weighted average aboveground carbon stock for productive forestland of 37.6 Mg ha−1, which is lower than commonly reported values for similar environment. Models capable of predicting the influence of mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and soil physical environment on maximum stand-level aboveground carbon stock (MSAC) were developed. These models were then used to project the future MSAC in response to climate change. Our results indicate that the MSAC was significantly related to both mean annual temperature and precipitation, or to the interaction of these variables, and suggest that Quebec’s managed forests MSAC may increase by 20% by 2041–2070 in response to climate change. Along with changes in climate, the natural disturbance regime and forest management practices will nevertheless largely drive future carbon stock at the landscape scale. Overall, our results allow accurate accounting of carbon stock in aboveground live tree biomass of Quebec’s forests, and provide a better understanding of possible feedbacks between climate change and carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests.

scholarly journals Assessing the Opportunity Cost of Carbon Stock Caused by Land-Use Changes in Taiwan

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Ming-Yun Chu ◽  
Wan-Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The Government

As compared with conventional approaches for reducing carbon emissions, the strategies of reducing emissions from deforestations and forest degradation (REDD) can greatly reduce costs. Hence, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change regards the REDD strategies as a crucial approach to mitigate climate change. To respond to climate change, Taiwan passed the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act to control the emissions of greenhouse gases. In 2021, the Taiwan government has announced that it will achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2050. Accordingly, starting with focusing on the carbon sink, the REDD strategies have been considered a recognized and feasible strategy in Taiwan. This study analyzed the net present value and carbon storage for various land-use types to estimate the carbon stock and opportunity cost of land-use changes. When the change of agricultural land to artificial forests generated carbon stock, the opportunity cost of carbon stock was negative. Contrarily, restoring artificial forests (which refer to a kind of forest that is formed through artificial planting, cultivation, and conservation) to agricultural land would generate carbon emissions, but create additional income. Since the opportunity cost of carbon storage needs to be lower than the carbon market price so that landlords have incentives to conduct REDD+, the outcomes of this study can provide a reference for the government to set an appropriate subsidy or price for carbon sinks. It is suggested that the government should offer sufficient incentives to reforest collapsed land, and implement interventions, promote carbon trading policies, or regulate the development of agricultural land so as to maintain artificial broadleaf forests for increased carbon storage.

scholarly journals Carbon storage along altitudes in agrisilviculture system- Case study of Devprayag Block, Tehri District, Uttarakhand, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
K.K. Vikrant ◽  
D.S. Chauhan ◽  
R.H. Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Stock ◽  
Crop Biomass

Climate change is one of the impending problems that have affected the productivity of agroecosystems which calls for urgent action. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry along altitude in mountainous regions is one of the options to contribute to global climate change mitigation. Three altitudes viz. lower (286-1200m), middle (1200-2000m), and upper (2000-2800m) have been selected in Tehri district. Ten Quadrates (10m × 10 m) were randomly selected from each altitude in agrisilviculture system. At every sampling point, one composite soil sample was taken at 30 cm soil depth for soil organic carbon analysis. For the purpose of woody biomass, Non destructive method and for crop biomass assessment destructive method was employed. Finally, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass carbon (BGB), Total tree Biomass (TTB), Crop biomass (CB), Total Biomass (TB), Total biomass carbon (TBC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon stock (TC) status were estimated and variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The result indicated that AGB, BGB, TTB, CB , TB, TBC, SOC, and TC varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the altitudes. Results showed that total carbon stock followed the order upper altitude ˃ middle altitudes ˃ lower altitude. The upper altitude (2000-2800 m) AGB, BGB,TTB, TBC,SOC, and TC stock was estimated as 2.11 Mg ha-1 , 0.52 Mg ha-1, 2.63 Mg ha-1, 2.633 Mg ha-1, 1.18 Mg ha-1 , 26.53 Mg ha-1, 38.48 Mg ha-1 respectively, and significantly higher than the other altitudes. It was concluded that agrisilviculture system hold a high potential for carbon storage at temperate zones. Quercus lucotrichophora, Grewia oppositifolia and Melia azadirach contributed maximum carbon storage which may greatly contribute to the climate resilient green economy strategy and their conservation should be promoted.

scholarly journals Estimating Carbon Storage in Urban Forests of New York City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pregitzer ◽  
Chloe Hanna ◽  
Sarah Charlop-Powers ◽  
Mark Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
York City ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Mature Trees

Abstract Forests play an important role in mitigating many of the negative effects of climate change. One of the ways trees mitigate impacts of climate change is by absorbing carbon dioxide and storing carbon in their wood, leaves, roots, and soil. Field assessments are used to quantify the carbon storage across different forested landscapes. The number of trees, their size, and total area inform estimates of how much carbon they store. Urban forested natural areas often have greater tree density compared to trees planted in designed cityscapes suggesting that natural area forests could be an important carbon stock for cities. We report a carbon budget for urban forested natural area using field-collected data across an entire city and model carbon stock and annual stock change in multiple forest pools. We find that natural area forests in New York City store a mean of 263.04 (95% CI 256.61, 270.40) Mg C ha− 1 and we estimate that 1.86 Tg C (95% CI 1.60, 2.13 Tg C) is stored in the city’s forested natural areas. We provide an upper estimate that these forests sequester carbon at a mean rate of 7.42 (95% CI 7.13, 7.71) Mg C ha− 1 y− 1 totaling 0.044 Tg (95% CI 0.028, 0.055) of carbon annually, with the majority being stored in trees and soil. Urban forested natural areas store carbon at similar and in some cases higher rates compared to rural forests. Native oak-dominated forests with large mature trees store the most carbon. When compared to previous estimates of urban-canopy carbon storage, we find that trees in natural area forests in New York City account for the majority of carbon stored despite being a minority of the tree canopy. Our results show that urban forested natural areas play an important role in localized, natural climate solutions and should be at the center of urban greening policies looking to mitigate the climate footprint of cities.

How can climate change modify the carbon stock of forest soils?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienn Horváth ◽  
Zsolt Bene ◽  
Borbála Gálos ◽  
András Bidló
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Organic matter, the most complex and heterogeneous component of soil. SOM is a very relevant indicator for soil quality, as it can change the behavior and direction of many properties, soil functions, transformation processes. Less water reduces the amount of biomass produced, resulting in lower production and less plant residue in the soil. Under drier conditions, organic matter decomposes faster due to dominant aerobic processes, thereby reducing soil organic matter content. As the temperature rises, the rate of degradation processes and the intensity of soil respiration increases, which may further increase the reduction of soil carbon stock. Our forests are under high pressure due to climate change, especially in the Carpathian Basin. Therefore, beech and sessile oak are expected to replace with Turkey oak and the afforestation may lead to a change in carbon storage of forests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To create a database and estimate the changes, we measured the carbon stock of soil in three different regions in Hungary, where the research sites formed on loess bedrock, on 150 and 250 m a.s.l., 650-710 mm precipitation sum with 10-10.4 &amp;#176;C annual temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We took a 1.1 m soil column with soil borer and divided it into 11 samples in each column. Physical (texture, bulk density, water holding capacity) and chemical (pH, CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) soil properties and SOM were determined based on the methods of the Hungarian Standard in the soil laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the evaluation, the amount of SOC was the highest in the topsoil layers. In summary, we found a larger amount (104 C t/ha) of SOC in the soil of stands, where sessile oak were the main stand-forming tree species. The amount of carbon was lower where turkey oak was dominant in sessile oak stands (70 C t/ha on average).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To conclude, the SOC order in case of the stand-forming tree species: sessile oak (/hornbeam) &gt; beech &gt; Turkey oak. We detected that different forest utilization and tree species have an effect on the forest carbon as the litter as well (amount, composition). Our measurements are not representative of the whole stand, but the homogenous loess bedrock demonstrates the impact of different mixture forests on carbon stock. After all, vegetation depends on site conditions (e.g. moisture) and not vice versa. The effects of future climatic changes on soil carbon storage are difficult to predict. In the future, it would be important to expand the use of continuous forest cover farming modes.&lt;/p&gt;

Canadian boreal forests and climate change mitigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Lemprière ◽  
W.A. Kurz ◽  
E.H. Hogg ◽  
C. Schmoll ◽  
G.J. Rampley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Trade Offs

Quantitative assessment of Canada’s boreal forest mitigation potential is not yet possible, though the range of mitigation activities is known, requirements for sound analyses of options are increasingly understood, and there is emerging recognition that biogeophysical effects need greater attention. Use of a systems perspective highlights trade-offs between activities aimed at increasing carbon storage in the ecosystem, increasing carbon storage in harvested wood products (HWPs), or increasing the substitution benefits of using wood in place of fossil fuels or more emissions-intensive products. A systems perspective also suggests that erroneous conclusions about mitigation potential could result if analyses assume that HWP carbon is emitted at harvest, or bioenergy is carbon neutral. The greatest short-run boreal mitigation benefit generally would be achieved by avoiding greenhouse gas emissions; but over the longer run, there could be significant potential in activities that increase carbon removals. Mitigation activities could maximize landscape carbon uptake or maximize landscape carbon density, but not both simultaneously. The difference between the two is the rate at which HWPs are produced to meet society’s demands, and mitigation activities could seek to delay or reduce HWP emissions and increase substitution benefits. Use of forest biomass for bioenergy could also contribute though the point in time at which this produces a net mitigation benefit relative to a fossil fuel alternative will be situation-specific. Key knowledge gaps exist in understanding boreal mitigation strategies that are robust to climate change and how mitigation could be integrated with adaptation to climate change.

Carbon storage in managed forests

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Forest Regrowth ◽  
Maximum Sustained Yield ◽  
Richards Function ◽  
Temperate Deciduous ◽  
Sustained Yield ◽  
Temperate Deciduous Forests ◽  
The Tropics

The mass of carbon stored in forests is an important component of the global carbon cycle. A general model is developed to relate average carbon storage over the lifetime of a forest managed for sustained yield to the maximum biomass of the same forest at maturity. Point of inflection of stand growth is established using the Richards function. If a forest is managed for maximum sustained yield of biomass, mean lifetime carbon storage is about one-third that at maturity. Point of growth inflection has little effect on this fraction. When accumulation and decomposition of detritus after harvest are added, the fraction is about 0.5 in temperate deciduous forests, less in the tropics, and more in boreal forests. Harvest at financial maturity, by shortening the rotation, disproportionately reduces lifetime carbon storage, to perhaps 0.2 of the maximum. Nontimber values may affect carbon storage either positively or negatively. Forest regrowth and multispecies agricultural systems that include trees may account for more carbon storage in the tropics than is sometimes assumed.

scholarly journals Carbon Stock of Agroforestry Systems at Adjacent Buffer Zone of Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
. Wardah ◽  
Bau Toknok ◽  
. Zulkhaidah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Park ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Belowground Carbon ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Lore Lindu National Park

The potential of agrofrestry to sequestrate carbon varies depending on the natural quality of sites and management practices. Agroforestry is a climate change mitigation activities. The aim of study was to estimate the carbon stock of agroforestry system at adjacent buffer zone of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP). Research was carried out in two types of agroforestry stands (simple and complex) adjacent LLNP buffer zone in Palolo Sub District, Sigi District, Central Sulawesi. Estimation of biomass of tree, herbs, litter, necromass and root was based on an allometric equation. The carbon storage in soil was estimated based on the carbon organic content and bulk density of soil in30 cm of depth. The results of study showed that the total carbon stored in the simple agroforestry (125.97 MgC ha-1) was significantly lower than in the complex agroforestry (209.39 MgC ha-1). In addition, the aboveground carbon stock biomass (tree, herbaceous, necromass and litter) and belowground carbon stock (root and soil organic) in a simple agroforestry were 42.42 MgC ha-1 and 83.55 MgC ha-1, respectively. Whereas, the aboveground carbon stock biomass and belowground carbon stock in the complex agroforestry were 98.46 MgC ha-1 and 110.93 MgC ha-1, respectively. Based on the carbon stock estimation in six agroforestry plots in the buffer zones of Lore Lindu National Park, the complex agroforestry was likely to be more stable and more longer in storing carbon comparedto the simple agroforestry.Keywords: Agroforestry, biomass, carbon, climate change, Lore Lindu National Park

scholarly journals Bunker Oksigen Dan Karbon (Bok) Di Lingkungan Sekolah Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon, Manfaat, Dan Nilai Ekonominya

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
Suyadi Suyadi ◽  
Venny Handayani ◽  
Agustina Fina ◽  
Wira Sudirja
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
National Education ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Aesthetic Values

The impacts of pollution and climate change occurred in global and local communities, including at school environment. Uncomfortable school environment due to pollution and school damage due to sea-level rise interferes with learning processes and reduces students' academic performance. A new approach of a school greening programme called Bunkers of Oxygen and Carbon (BOCs) was developed in a public school (SMA Negeri 3 Merauke) in Merauke, Papua using a thematic approach to mitigate pollution and climate change. The research showed that carbon storage of BOCs is mean 74 Mg ha-1 . This is equal with carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of mean 271 Mg CO2e ha-1. The capacity of BOCs as carbon storage can be optimized due to the age of vegetation in BOCs is only four years old, and below ground carbon stock was measured only up to 50 cm depth. The amount of carbon stock in BOCs was influenced by vegetation health (tree density and canopy coverage) and vegetation structure (tree diameter and height) in the BOCs (r2 = 0.56, p = 0.001). The mean economic value of carbon stocks in the BOCs was US $ 189 billion ha-1. This economic value may underestimate as many benefits and functions of the BOCs were excluded from the calculation. BOCs have ecological functions as a habitat for many wildlife species, various ecosystem services, recreational areas, aesthetic values, oxygen supply, and a place to improve creativity and as natural laboratories for practice and learning from nature. Therefore, the development of BOCs in the school environment across Indonesia is important as the functions and benefits are crucial to mitigate pollution and climate change, improve the learning process and the quality of national education. 

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