scholarly journals Bagworm bags as portable armour against invertebrate predators

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Sugiura
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Potential Predator ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Defensive Function ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Environmental Materials ◽  
Leaf Bags

Some animals have evolved the use of environmental materials as “portable armour” against natural enemies. Portable bags that bagworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) construct using their own silk and plant parts are generally believed to play an important role as a physical barrier against natural enemies. However, no experimental studies have tested the importance of bags as portable armour against predators. To clarify the defensive function, I studied the bagwormEumeta minusculaand a potential predatorCalosoma maximoviczi(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Under laboratory conditions, all bagworm larvae were attacked by carabid adults, but successfully defended themselves against the predators’ mandibles using their own bags. The portable bags, which are composed mainly of host plant twigs, may function as a physical barrier against predator mandibles. To test this hypothesis, I removed the twig bags and replaced some with herb leaf bags; all bag-removed larvae were easily caught and predated by carabids, while all bag-replaced larvae could successfully defend themselves against carabid attacks. Therefore, various types of portable bags can protect bagworm larvae from carabid attacks. This is the first study to test the defensive function of bagworm portable bags against invertebrate predators.

Bioenergy Crops and Natural Enemies: Host Plant-Mediated Effects of Miscanthus on the Aphid Parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1275-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Doury ◽  
J. Pottier ◽  
A. Ameline ◽  
A. Mennerat ◽  
F. Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Lysiphlebus Testaceipes ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Mediated Effects

Utility of Rhizobium in the phyllosphere of crop plants: two-way exchange of metabolites between Rhizobium and the host plant

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Nandi ◽  
S. P. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Bacterial Metabolites ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Inoculation Group

SUMMARYThe nature of the ectosymbiotic association between Rhizobium and such legume leaves as Bengal gram and mung bean was investigated using radioactively labelled compounds. About 8% of the 14CO2 fixed photosynthetically in the 70% ethanol soluble fraction was leached out within 1 h of contact with water. The 14C-compounds leached out include sucrose, serine glycine, glutamic acid, malate, alanine and succinate. A part of the 14C-activity was incorporated by Rhizobium cells sprayed on leaves. Association with rhizobia increased the rate of photosynthesis and leaching by 129–240% and 134–281%, respectively. Bacterial metabolites are translocated along the midribs and veins to different plant parts. The beneficial effects are not restricted to members of the same cross-inoculation group.

Description of immature stages of Phelypera schuppeli (Boheman, 1834) with comments on natural history (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Hyperinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3423 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGIO ANTONIO VANIN ◽  
DANIELA DE CASSIA BENÁ ◽  
FABIANO FABIAN ALBERTONI
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Immatures of the Phelypera schuppeli (Boheman, 1834) (Curculionidae; Hyperinae; Cepurini) are described, illustrated and compared with available descriptions of larvae and pupae of Hyperini. Immatures and adults from midwest (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul; Pirenópolis, Goiás) and southeast Brazil (Bauru, São Paulo) were found on leaves of the host plant, Pachira aquatica Aubl. ( Malvaceae, formerly Bombacaceae), a tree used as an ornamental plant in many Brazilian frost-free cities. Larvae of P. schuppeli are exophytic, brightly colored, eruciform and possess abdominal ambulatory ampullae, resembling larvae of Lepidoptera. Mature larvae can spin globular lattice-like cocoons where pupation takes place. Data in the field and under laboratory conditions confirmed previously published biological observations on P. schuppeli. Additional information about defensive behaviors, process of cocoon construction and natural enemies, such as the larval predator Supputius cinticeps (Stål, 1860) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and the prepupal and pupal parasitoid Jaliscoa nudipennis Bouček, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), are reported.

scholarly journals Effects of Citrus Overwintering Predators, Host Plant Phenology and Environmental Variables on Aphid Infestation Dynamics in Clementine Citrus

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1587-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pedro Raul Bouvet ◽  
Alberto Urbaneja ◽  
César Monzó
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Plant Phenology ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Aphid Infestation

Abstract The Spirea citrus aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are key pests of clementine mandarines in the Mediterranean basin. Severity of aphid infestations is determined by environmental variables, host plant phenology patterns, and the biological control exerted by their associated natural enemies. However, there is no information about the role these limiting and regulating factors play. Aphid densities, citrus phenology, and associated predators that overwinter in the crop were monitored weekly throughout two flush growth periods (February to July) in four clementine mandarin groves; relationships between these parameters and environmental variables (temperature and precipitation) were studied. Our results show exponential increase in aphid infestation levels to coincide with citrus phenological stages B3 and B4; shoots offer more space and nutritional resources for colony growth at these stages. Duration of these phenological stages, which was mediated by mean temperature, seems to importantly determine the severity of aphid infestations in the groves. Among those studied, the micro-coccinellids, mostly Scymnus species, were the only group of predators with the ability to efficiently regulate aphid populations. These natural enemies had the highest temporal and spatial demographic stability. Aphid regulation success was only achieved through early presence of natural enemies in the grove, at the aphid colonization phase. Our results suggest that conservation strategies aimed at preserving and enhancing Scymnus sp. populations may make an important contribution to the future success of the biological control of these key citrus pests.

scholarly journals Caterpillar hair as a physical barrier against invertebrate predators

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Sugiura ◽  
Kazuo Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Invertebrate Predators

Interaction between bracken and its insect herbivores

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
J. H. Lawton ◽  
M. MacGarvin
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
The World ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Typical Site

SynopsisBracken in Britain is a host for 27 species of insect herbivores, with a further 11 species that either feed below ground (and are poorly studied), or appear to be only rarely associated with the plant. A typical site in northern England has an average of 15–16 of these species in any one year. Compared with perennial herbaceous angiosperms with similar wide distributions, bracken is not noticeably depauperate in the number of insect species that feed upon it. Bracken in others parts of the world is attacked by a wide variety of insects, with more species present in the geographical areas where bracken is most common.The ‘feeding niches’ of some of these insects are reviewed. Most are very rare relative to the biomass of their host plants, probably because of the impact of natural enemies; the effect of most of the insects upon their host-plant is consequently negligible.Reverse effects, of host-plant upon the insects, are subtle but poorly understood. Experiments to elucidate these effects are briefly outlined.

scholarly journals Theoretical background for the development of stationary process of grain mass threshing with a combine harvester

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Lovchikov ◽  
Igor I. Ognev
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Stationary Process ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Random Ratio ◽  
Combine Harvester

The article considers the issue that further improvement of the grain combine design with the classical threshing-separating device is possible due to the development of its technological scheme based on the principle of modular construction and stationary process of threshing grain mass. To achieve this goal, the problems were solved, by which laws were revealed and a mathematical description of the technological process of the combine harvester was given, as well as patterns characterizing the effect of straw on the process of grain mass threshing were revealed. In the course of research and evaluation of the effectiveness of the combine harvester’s usage the basic laws characterizing the technological process of combine harvester with the classical threshing-separating device are established. The change of the working speed of the combine depends on the technological properties of grain crops. It is revealed that the coefficient of solomitol grain mass δс is possible to reduce during combining grain crops through the application of high-cut stems. It was found that with the increase in the height of the cut of the stems (wheat) from 0.10 to 0.20 m, the coefficient of straw content of the grain mass decreases from 0.726 to 0.578. The additional material of experimental studies to determine the coefficient of straw content of the grain mass δc depending on the diameter and length of the pinned part of the stem is presented. When harvesting grain crops by the method of combing, a grain-bearing mass is formed, which is characterized by a random ratio of the fractions of the straw of the stalk of the annular part. The chaotic structure of plant parts temosolomida mass poses new challenges to supply it in the threshing-machine combine harvester with a classic threshingseparating device.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document